语法大全

hung

11.3 used to / be used to
　used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態，但如今已不存在。
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　　
　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (過去常常散步)

　　be used to + doing： 對……已感到習慣，或"習慣於"，to是介詞，後需加名詞或動名詞。
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣於散步)

典型例題　　　
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.　　　　　　
A. didn't　　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't
　　答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去，因此應用過去時。

11.4 一般將來時
1)　shall用於第一人稱，常被will 所代替。
　　will 在陳述句中用於各人稱，在爭求意見時常用於第二人稱。
　　Which paragraph shall I read first.
　　Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2)　be going to +不定式，表示將來。
　 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。
　　　What are you going to do tomorrow?
　 b. 計畫，安排要發生的事。
　　 The play is going to be produced next month。
　 c. 有跡象要發生的事
　　 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3)　 be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)　be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。
　　He is about to leave for Beijing.
　 注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。

hung

11.5 be going to / will
用於條件句時， be going to　表將來
　　　　　　　 will　表意願
　　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。
　　 be going to 表示主觀的打算或計畫。
　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客觀安排)
　I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)

11.7 一般現在時表將來
1）下列動詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
　　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

2）倒裝句，表示動作正在進行，如：
　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3）在時間或條件句中。
　　　 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等後。
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week.
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用於人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
　 I'm leaving tomorrow.
　 Are you staying here till next week?

11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀　態，其結果的確和現在有聯繫。動作或狀態發生在過去　但它的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續到現在的動作或　狀態。其構成： have (has) +過去分詞。

hung

11.10 比較過去時與現在完成時
1）過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敍述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
　
　 2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:　
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　
現在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　　　　　　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
　
　 3）現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
　
過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
　舉例：
　 I saw this film yesterday.
　　（強調看的動作發生過了。）
　 I have seen this film.
　　（強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）　
　 Why did you get up so early?
　　（強調起床的動作已發生過了。）
　 Who hasn't handed in his paper?　
　　（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
　 She has returned from Paris.　
　　
她已從巴黎回來了。
　 She returned yesterday.
　　
她是昨天回來了。
　 He has been in the League for three years.
　　(在團內的狀態可延續)
　 He has been a League member for three years.
　　(是團員的狀態可持續)
　 He joined the League three years ago.　
　　( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
　 I have finished my homework now.　
　
　 ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
　 ---He's already been sent for.　
　
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
　
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
     （對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

hung

11.11 用於現在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the… that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時.
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
　　　 這是我看過的最好的電影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?　
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時，故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
　 答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。
　 注意：非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.


11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續時間長度。
　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.
　　I have lived here since I was born..
　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.　
　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.　
　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　
　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

　　注意：並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
　　 I worked here for more than twenty years.
　　　(我現在已不在這裏工作。)
　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　
　　　(現在我仍在這裏工作。)

　　小竅門：　當現在完成時+一段時間，這一結構中，我們用下面的公式轉化，很容易就能排除非延續動詞在完成時中的誤使。
　　1)　(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
　　　 = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
　　2)　(錯) Harry has got married for six years.
　　　 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
　　顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.

hung

11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點　(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。
　 I have been here since 1989.
　
　 2) since +一段時間+ ago
　 I have been here since five months ago.

　 3) since +從句　
　 Great changes have taken place since you left.
　 Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

　 4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
　 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用於完成時的區別
　　延續動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。
　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
　　 I've known him since then.　　 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)

2)　用於till / until從句的差異
　　 延續動詞用於肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句，表示"到……，才……"
　　 He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
　　　　他到10 點才回來。
　　 He slept until ten o'clock.　　　　　
　　　　他一直睡到10點。
　
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.　
A. had met　B. have met　 C. met　D. meet
　 答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復發生的動作，因此用現在完成時。

2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
　---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　D. will be
　 答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時。

hung

11.15 過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|-------|-----|---->其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前　 那時　現在　　　　　　

2） 用法
　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
　b. 狀語從句
　　 在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在後，用一般過去時。
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
　c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)　過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
　 He said that he had learned some English before.
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例題　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left
　 答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發生。因此
前一句應用過去進行時。
注意：　had no … when　　　　　還沒等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　剛…… 就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

11.16 用一般過去時代替完成時
1)　兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先後，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

2 ) 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3)　敍述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

hung

11.17 將來完成時
1) 構成will / be going to do sth.
　2) 概念　
　　a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。
　　b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或一獲得的經驗。
　　　They will have been married for 20 years by then.
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow

11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法：
　a. 表示現在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發生的事情。
　　 We are waiting for you.
　b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重複性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　
　　　(說話時並未在寫，只處於寫作的狀態。)
　　 She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
　c. 表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
　　 The leaves are turning red.
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer.
　d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
　　 You are always changing your mind.

典型例題
　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　
　A. has lost, don't find　　 B. is missing, don't find　C. has lost, haven't found　 D. is missing, haven't found.　　
　 答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態，應用進行時，由於沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用于完成時。

hung

11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1) 事實狀態的動詞
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
　　I have two brothers.
　　This house belongs to my sister.

　2) 心理狀態的動詞
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
　　I need your help.
　　He loves her very much.

　3 ) 瞬間動詞
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
　　I accept your advice.

　4) 系動詞
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
　　You seem a little tired.

11.20 過去進行時
1） 概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。

2） 過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。

3) 常用的時間狀語
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while

　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　
　　 It was raining when they left the station.
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　
A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes
　 答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情，應用過去時。同　時，when表時間的同時性，"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景，因此用過去進行時。

2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell
　 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，後跟形容詞，如：fall sick。

hung

11.21 將來進行時
1) 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態或動作，或按預測將來會發生的事情。
　　　She'll be coming soon.
　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：將來進行時不用於表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.

2）常用的時間狀語
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

　　 By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

11.22 一般現在時代替將來時
時間狀語從句，條件句中，從句用一般現在時代替將來時
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。
典型例題
(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
　A. had not given; had not succeeded　　B. would not give; succeed
　C. will not give; succeed　　　　　　 D. would not give; will succeed.
　 答案B. 在時間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時。

(2) 表示現在已安排好的未來事項，行程等活動。
　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物館明天10點開門。(實際上每天如此。)

11.23 一般現在時代替過去時
1 )"書上說"，"報紙上說"等。
　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
　 報紙上說明天會很冷的。
2) 敍述往事，使其生動。
　 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

hung

11.24 一般現在時代替完成時
1) 有些動詞用一般現在時代替完成時：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,　remember.
　I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
　I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

11.25 一般現在時代替進行時
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
　 Look, here comes Mr. Li.

11.26 現在進行時代替將來時
1) 表示即將發生的或預定中計畫好的活動。
　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度週末嗎?
　　We are leaving soon.　
我們馬上就走。
2) 漸變動詞，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。