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语法大全

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21#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:34:54 | 只看该作者
4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than
  You are taller than I.
   
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.

注意:

1
)要避免重複使用比較級。
   () He is more cleverer than his brother.
   (
) He is more clever than his brother.
   (
) He is clever than his brother.


2
)要注意對應句型,遵循前後一致的原則。

    The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
   
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

3
)要注意冠詞的使用,後有名詞的時候,前面才有可能有名詞。

 
比較:
Which is large, Canada or Australia?
    
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
    
She is taller than her two sisters.

22#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:35:19 | 只看该作者
4.11 many,old far
1) 如果後接名詞時, much more +不可數名詞
          many more +可數名詞複數   

2) old
有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldest elder/eldest eldereldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關係。
   My elder brother is an engineer.
   Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

3) far
有兩種比較級,fartherfurther. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。
  在美語中,father 表示距離,further表示進一步。
   I have nothing further to say.

4.12 the + 最高級 + 比較範圍
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
  形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級前可不用。
  形容詞most前面沒有the,不表示最高級的含義,只表示"非常"
   It is a most important problem.
   =It is a very important problem.
注意: 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較範圍內。
    () Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
    () Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

2)
下列詞可修飾最高級,by far, far, much, mostly, almost
   This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意:
 a.  very可修飾最高級,但位置與much不同。
      This is the very best.
      This is much the best.
 b.  序數詞通常只修飾最高級。
      Africa is the second largest continent.

3)
句型轉換:
   Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
   Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

4) "
否定詞語+比較級""否定詞語+ so as"結構表示最高級含義。
        Nothing is so easy as this.
       =Nothing is easier than this.
       =This is the easiest thing.
23#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:35:39 | 只看该作者
4.13 more有關的片語
1) the more the more… 越……就越……
  The harder you workthe greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A
 與其說A不如說B
  less A than B
  He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more
than 與……一樣……,不比……多
  The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
  no less than… 與……一樣……
  He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than
 不只是,非常
  She is more than kind to us all.

典型例題
1
The weather in China is different from____.
 A. in America  B. one in America  C. America
 D. that in America
答案:D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家,C不能選。A沒有名詞,後句成分不全,排除。BD中,B中的one常用來代替可數名詞,而that可車以代替不可數或抽象名詞,所以選D

2
After the new technique was introducedthe factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many
  B. as many twice  C. twice as many D. twice many as
 答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產的拖拉機是往年的兩倍" 表示倍數用"倍數+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較物件"的句型。所以此句答案為C
 This ruler is three times as long as that one.
24#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:48:49 | 只看该作者
5. 動詞
1 表示動作中狀態的詞叫做動詞。

2
根據其在句中的功能,動詞可分為四類,分別是:實義動詞(Notional Verb)、系動詞(Link Verb)、助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態動詞(Modal Verb)。
說明:有些情況下,有些動詞是兼類詞,例如:
   We are having a meeting.  我們正在開會。  having是實義動詞。)
  He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。
has是助動詞。)

3
動詞根據其後是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是:及物動詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物動詞(Intransitive Verb),縮寫形式分別為vt. vi.
說明:同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞,有時可用作不及物動詞。例如:
 She can dance and sing.
 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動詞。)
 She can sing many English songs.
 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動詞。)

4
根據是否受主語的人稱和數的限制,可分兩類,分別是:限定動詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動詞(Non-finite Verb)例如:
 She sings very well.
 她唱得很好。(sing受主語she的限制,故用第三人稱單數形式sings。)
 She wants to learn English well.
 她想學好英語。(to learn不受主語she的限制,沒有詞形變化,是非限定動詞。
說明:英語中共有三種非限定動詞,分別是:動詞不定式(Infinitive)、動名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。

5)
 根據動詞的組成形式,可分為三類,分別是:單字詞(One-Word Verb)、短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)、動詞短語(Verbal Phrase)例如:
  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
  英語裏有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。(contains是單字動詞。)
  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
  學生們學會查字典。(look up是短語動詞。)
  The young ought to take care of the old.
  年輕人應照料老人。(take care of是動詞短語。)

6
)動詞有五種形態,分別是:原形(Original Form)、第三人稱單數形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、過去式(Past Form)、過去分詞(Past Participle)、現在分詞(Present Participle)。
25#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:49:22 | 只看该作者
5.1 系動詞
系動詞亦稱聯繫動詞(Link Verb),作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,後邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特徵等情況。
說明:
有些系動詞又是實義動詞,該動詞表達實義時,有詞義,可單獨作謂語,例如:
   He fell ill yesterday. 
  他昨天病了。(fell是系動詞,後跟補足語,說明主語情況。)
   He fell off the ladder. 
  他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實義動詞,單獨作謂語。

1
)狀態系動詞
用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:
He is a teacher.
 他是一名教師。(is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。)

2
)持續系動詞
用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting.
  他開會時總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery.
  此事仍是一個謎。

3
)表像系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired.
  他看起來很累。
He seems (to be) very sad.
  他看起來很傷心。

4
)感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 
  這種布手感很軟。
 This flower smells very sweet. 
 這朵花聞起來很香。

5
)變化系動詞
  這些系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣,變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
  He became mad after that.  自那之後,他瘋了。
  She grew rich within a short time.  她沒多長時間就富了。

6
)終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, trun out, 表達"證實""變成"之意,例如:
  The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。
  The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。
  His plan turned out a success.  他的計畫終於成功了。(turn out表終止性結果)

5.2 什麼是助動詞
1)協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞片語的詞叫助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞(Main Verb)。
助動詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使用,例如:
   He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。
doesn't是助動詞,無詞義;like是主要動詞,有詞義)

2
助動詞協助主要動詞完成以下功用,可以用來:
  a. 表示時態,例如:
   He is singing. 他在唱歌。
   He has got married. 他已結婚。
  b. 表示語態,例如:
   He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
  c. 構成疑問句,例如:
   Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎?
   Did you study English before you came here?  你來這兒之前學過英語嗎?
  d. 與否定副詞not合用,構成否定句,例如:
   I don't like him.  我不喜歡他。
  e. 加強語氣,例如:
   Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
   He did know that.  他的確知道那件事。
3
最常用的助動詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
26#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:49:40 | 只看该作者
5.3 助動詞be的用法
1 be +現在分詞,構成進行時態,例如:
They are having a meeting.
 他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important.
英語現在越來越重要。

2)
 be + 過去分詞,構成被動語態,例如:
The window was broken by Tom..
 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.
 世界各地都教英語。

3
be + 動詞不定式,可表示下列內容:
 a. 表示最近、未來的計畫或安排,例如:
   He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
   We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。
  說明: 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時態表達法。
 b. 表示命令,例如:
  You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。
  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
 c. 徵求意見,例如:
  How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復他?
  Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢?
 d. 表示相約、商定,例如:
  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點在校門口集合。
27#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:50:05 | 只看该作者
5.4 助動詞have的用法
1have +過去分詞,構成完成時態,例如:
  He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
  By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 
  上月未為止,他們已經完成工作的一半。

2
have + been +現在分詞,構成完成進行時,例如:
  I have been studying English for ten years.
  我一直在學英語,已達十年之久。

3
have+been +過去分詞,構成完成式被動語態,例如:
  English has been taught in China for many years.
  中國教英語已經多年。

5.5 助動詞do 的用法
1 構成一般疑問句,例如:
  Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學英語測試嗎?
  Did you study German? 你們學過德語嗎?

2
do + not 構成否定句,例如:
  I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批評。
  He doesn't like to study.  他不想學習。
  In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過去,好多學生不知道英語的重要性。

3)
 構成否定祈使句,例如:
 Don't go there. 不要去那裏。
 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這麼心不在焉。
說明: 構成否定祈使句只用do,不用diddoes

4
放在動詞原形前,加強該動詞的語氣,例如:
 Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。
 I did go there. 我確實去那兒了。
 I do miss you. 我確實想你。

5
用於倒裝句,例如:
 Never did I hear of such a thing.  我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在開始大學生活時我們才認識到英語的重要性。
說明: 引導此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6
用作代動詞,例如:
 ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?
 ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do用作代動詞,代替like Beijing.
 He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
 他知道如何開車,對吧?

5.6 助動詞shallwill的用法
shallwill作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構成一般將來時,例如:
   I shall study harder at English.  我將更加努力地學習英語。
   He will go to Shanghai.  他要去上海。
說明:
 在過去的語法中,語法學家說shall用於第一人稱,will 只用於第二、第三人稱。現在,尤其是在口語中,will常用於第一人稱,但shall只用於第一人稱,如用於第二、第三人稱,就失去助動詞的意義,已變為情態動詞,試比較:

 He shall come. 他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)
 He will come. 他要來。(will只與動詞原形構成一般將來時。)

5.7 助動詞should,would的用法
1should無詞義,只是shall的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,只用於第一人稱,例如:
  I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
  我昨天給他打電話,問他我下周幹什麼。
比較:
  "What shall I do next week?" I asked.
  "我下周幹什麼?"我問道。(可以說,shall變成間接引語時,變成了should。)

2
would也無詞義,是will的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,用於第二、第三人稱,例如:
   He said he would come.  他說他要來。
比較:
   "I will go," he said. 他說:"我要去那兒。"
   變成間接引語,就成了:
   He said he would come. 
   原來的will變成wouldgo變成了come.
28#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:50:26 | 只看该作者
5.8 短語動詞
動詞加小品構成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)。例如:
  Turn off the radio. 把收音機關上。(turn off是短語動詞)
  短語動詞的構成基本有下列幾種:
1
動詞+副詞,如:black out
2
動詞+介詞,如:look into
3
動詞+副詞+介詞,如:look forward to。構成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統稱為小品詞(Particle)。
5.9 非謂語動詞
在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式,動名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)

1
)不定式
時態\語態    主動      被動         
 一般式    to do      to be done
  完成式    to have done  to have been done

2
)動名詞
時態\語態    主動      被動         
 一般式    doing     being done
 完成式    having done  having been done

3
)分詞
時態\語態    主動      被動         
 一般式    doing     being done
 完成式    having done  having been done    
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 動名詞, not + 現在分詞

29#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:50:57 | 只看该作者
6. 動名詞
6.1 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語

1
)作主語
   Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
   南方與北方開戰了。

2
)作賓語 
 a. 動詞後加動名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth
admit
承認   appreciate 感激,讚賞 avoid 避免    
complete
完成  consider 認為     delay 耽誤   deny 否認    detest 討厭      endure 忍受    enjoy 喜歡   escape 逃脫      prevent阻止
fancy
想像   finish 完成      imagine 想像   mind 介意    miss 想念       postpone 推遲        practise 訓練  recall 回憶      resent 討厭     resist 抵抗   resume 繼續      risk 冒險
suggest
建議  face 面對       include 包括    stand 忍受   understand 理解    forgive 寬恕         keep 繼續
舉例:
 (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
 (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.   
 b. 片語後接doing
admit to
   preferto     be used to    lead to   devote oneself to  object to   stick to   busy    look forward to(to為介詞)

no good,
 no use, It's worth,  as well as,
can't help,
 It's no use /good  be tired of
be fond of
  be capable of  be afraid of 
be proud of
  think of / about  hold off    
put off
  keep on  insist on  count on / upon
set about
  be successful in  good at  take up
give up
  burst out  prevent from… 

3
)作表語
  Her job is washingcleaning and taking care of the children.


6.1 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語
1)作主語
   Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
   南方與北方開戰了。

2
)作賓語 
  a. 動詞後加動名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth
admit
承認   appreciate 感激,讚賞 avoid 避免    
complete
完成  consider 認為     delay 耽誤   deny 否認    detest 討厭      endure 忍受    enjoy 喜歡   escape 逃脫      prevent阻止
fancy
想像   finish 完成      imagine 想像   mind 介意    miss 想念       postpone 推遲        practise 訓練  recall 回憶      resent 討厭     resist 抵抗   resume 繼續      risk 冒險
suggest
建議  face 面對       include 包括    stand 忍受   understand 理解    forgive 寬恕         keep 繼續
舉例:
 (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
 (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.   
  b. 片語後接doing
admit to
   preferto    be used to    lead to   devote oneself to  object to   stick to     be busy    look forward to to為介詞)

no good,
 no use, It's worth,  as well as,
can't help,
 It's no use /good  be tired of
be fond of
  be capable of  be afraid of 
be proud of
  think of / about  hold off    
put off
  keep on  insist on  count on / upon
set about
  be successful in  good at  take up
give up
  burst out  prevent from… 

3
)作表語
  Her job is washingcleaning and taking care of the children.
30#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:51:20 | 只看该作者
6.2 worth 的用法
worthworthyworth-while都為adj. 意為"值得"
1. worth
be worth + n.  當名詞為金錢時,表示"…… 值得……"
 be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
   The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy
be worthy of +n. 當名詞為抽象名詞時表示"……值得……"
 be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
   The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worth-while
be worth-while to do sth  "值得做某事"
  worth while It is worth while doing sth
         It is worth while sb to do sth.

典型例題
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth
 B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案C. worth的用法可知,此句只適合片語be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C
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