验货员论坛

 找回密码
 注册
搜索
楼主: hung
打印 上一主题 下一主题

语法大全

[复制链接]
31#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:51:37 | 只看该作者
7. 動詞不定式
7.1 不定式作賓語

1)
動詞+ 不定式
afford
  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope       fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long   mean   manage  offer  ought   plan  prepare pretend   promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish     undertake
舉例: 
 The driver failed to see the other car in time.
   司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
 I happen to know the answer to your question.
   我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2
)動詞+不定式 ; 動詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

   I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
   I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
   I want to speak to Tom.  我想和湯姆談話。
   I want you to speak to Tom.  我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3
動詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
  Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。
  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這麼多的答錄機,我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數。
   The question is how to put it into practice.
   問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。
32#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:52:09 | 只看该作者
7.1 不定式作賓語
1) 動詞+ 不定式
afford
  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope       fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long   mean   manage  offer  ought   plan  prepare pretend   promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish     undertake
舉例: 
 The driver failed to see the other car in time.
   司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
 I happen to know the answer to your question.
   我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2
)動詞+不定式 ; 動詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

 I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom.
  我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom.
  我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3
動詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
  Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。
  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這麼多的答錄機,我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數。
   The question is how to put it into practice.
   問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。

7.2 不定式作補語
1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)
advise
   allow   appoint   believe   cause   challenge command  compel   consider  declare   drive   enable  encourage  find    forbid   force   guess   hire    imagine  impel   induce   inform  instruct  invite   judge    know    like   order    permit  persuade  remind   report  request   require  select send    state   suppose   tell    think  train   trust   understand urge    warn 
例句:
  a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.       
   父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。
  b. We believe him to be guilty.
   我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
  Find 後可用分詞做賓補,或先加形式賓語,再加形容詞,最後加帶to 的動詞不定式。find後也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有gethave
   I found him lying on the ground.
   I found it important to learn.
   I found that to learn English is important.

典型例題:
  The next morning she found the man ___ in beddead. 
  A. lying  B. lie  C. lay  D. laying  
答案:A.find的賓語後面,用分詞或分詞短語,起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動,也表達正在進行,過去分詞表達被動。

2) to + be
的不定式結構,作補語的動詞。
Acknowledge,
  believe, consider,  think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel   find, guess,  judge,  imagine,   know,  prove,     see(理解), show,    suppose,     take(以為),   understand
   We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
   我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。
典型例題
   Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. 
A. to invent
 B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented 
答案:A. consider to do sth. 排除BD. 此句只說明發明這一個事實,不定式後用原形即可。而C為現在完成時,發明為點動詞一般不用完成時,且此處也不強調對現在的影響,因此不選C

3) to be +
形容詞
Seem,
     appear,   be said,  be supposed,  be believed, be thought, be known,  be reported, hope, wish,  desire,   want,    plan,  expect,    mean
 The book is believed to be uninteresting.
 人們認為這本書沒什麼意思。

4)
 there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
 We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那麼多人在哪里。
注意 有些動詞需用as 短語做補語,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
 We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。
33#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:52:30 | 只看该作者
7.3 不定式主語
1 It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

easy,
 difficult,  hard,  important,  possible,  impossible, comfortable,  necessary,  better;  
the first,
  the next,   the last,  the best, too much,  too little,  not enough
 It's so nice to hear your voice.
 聽到你的聲音真高興。
 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
 當你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us.
 他幫助我們,他真好。
Kind,
 nice,  stupid, rude,  clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly,  selfish(自私的)
例句:
   It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
   It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西,這顯得太自私了。
注意:1) 其他系動詞如,lookappear等也可用於此句型
   2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數形式。
   3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is to…的句型
    ()To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
    ()It is to believe to see.

7.4 It's for sb. It's of sb.
1for sb. 常用於表示事物的特徵特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult,  interesting, impossible等:
   It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。
2
of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right
   It's very nice of you to help me. 你來説明我,你真是太好了。
 
for
of 的辨別方法:
  用介詞後面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個句子。如果道理上通順用of,不通則用for。如:
   You are nice. (通順,所以應用of)
   He is hard. (人是困難的,不通,因此應用for)
34#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:53:04 | 只看该作者
7.5 不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動詞後面,形成表語。例如:
   My work is to clean the room every day.
   His dream is to be a doctor.

7.6 不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞後。例如:
   I have a lot of work to do. 
   So he made some candles to give light.

7.7 不定式作狀語
1)目的狀語 
To
only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此……以便……)
  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。

2
)作結果狀語,表事先沒有預料到的,要放在句子後面。
  What have I said to make you angry.
  He searched the room only to find nothing.

3)
 表原因
  I'm glad to see you.

典型例題
 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. 
 A. sit  B. sit on  C. be seat  D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞,其後應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時,常位於"形容詞+動詞不定式"結構的末尾。

7.8 用作介詞的to
 to 有兩種用法: 一為不定式+動詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種,即to+ 名詞/動名詞:

admit to
承認,       confess to承認,
be accustomed to
習慣于,  be used to 習慣於, stick to 堅持,       turn to開始,著手於, devote oneself to 獻身於, be devoted to 致力於, look forward to 盼望,   pay attention to 注意
35#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:53:33 | 只看该作者
7.9 to 的動詞不定式
1 情態動詞 ( ought 外,ought to)
2
使役動詞 let, have, make
3
感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等後作賓補,省略to
 
注意:在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。
  I saw him dance.
 =He was seen to dance.
  The boss made them work the whole night.
 =They were made to work the whole night.
4
would ratherhad better
5
Why / why not…:
6
help 可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth
7
butexceptbut前是動詞do時,後面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。
8
and, orthan連接的兩個不定式,第二個to 可以省去:
9
通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞後,可以省去to be: 
   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應該是個好人。
舉例:
   He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.

比較:  He wants to do nothing but go out.
     He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
 
  ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? 
  A. to try going  B. trying to go  C. to try and go  D. try going  
  答案:D. why not 後面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D

2
Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. 
  A. learn  B. to learn  C. learned  D. learning
  答案:B. make後接不帶to 的動詞不定式,當其用於被動時,to 不可省略。

7.10 動詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window… 
  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候,她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1
Tell him ___ the window. 
  A. to shut not  B. not to shut  C. to not shut
  D. not shut 
  答案:B tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.

2)
 She pretended ___ me when I passed by. 
  A. not to see  B. not seeing  C. to not see
  D. having not seen 
  答案:A pretend 後應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.

3
Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. 
  A. never to drive  B. to never driver 
  C. never driving  D. never drive 
  答案:Awarn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street
but his mother told him ____. 
  A. not to  B. not to do  C. not do it 
  D. do not to
 答案:Anot to not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞,而不必重複整個不定式片語。及物動詞do後應有名詞、代詞等,否則不對,因此BD不對。

5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
 
  A. to eat no  B. eating not  C. not to eat 
  D. not eating
  答案:Cwarn一詞要求後用不定式,此處為不定式的被動,否定形式為be warned not to do
36#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:53:56 | 只看该作者
7.11 不定式的特殊句型tooto
1tooto  太…以至於…
  He is too excited to speak.
  他太激動了,說不出話來。
  ---- Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?
  ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。

2)
如在too前有否定詞,則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定, too 後那個詞表達一種委婉含義,意 "不太"
  It's never too late to mend. (諺語)
   改過不嫌晚。

3)
 當too 前面有only, all, but時,意思是:非常… 等於very
  I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
  He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do
   Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 
     湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
   Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
     輕點進去,別驚醒了嬰兒。

2)
 so kind as to ---勞駕
   Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
     勞駕,現在幾點了。

7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議,翻譯為:"為什麼不……?" "幹嗎不……?"
例如:
   Why not take a holiday?
   幹嗎不去度假?
37#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:54:14 | 只看该作者
7.14 不定式的時態和語態
時態\語態    主動     被動
一般式      to do      to be done
進行式      to be doing  
完成式      to have done   to have been done
完成進行式    to have been doing  

1)
現在時:一般現在時表示的動詞,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生,有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之後。
  He seems to know this.
  I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。

2)
完成時:表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
 He seems to have caught a cold.

3)
進行時: 表示動作正在進行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。
 He seems to be eating something.

4)
完成進行時:
 She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

7.15 動名詞與不定式
1 動名詞與不定式的區別:
 動名詞表達的是: 狀態,性質,心境,抽象,經常性,已發生的
 不定式表達的是: 目的,結果,原因,具體,一次性,將發生的

2
接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。

3
動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組:
  1 stop to do     stop doing   
  2 forget to do     forget doing
  3 remember to do   remember doing     
  4 regret to do     regret doing
  5 cease to do     cease doing       
  6 try to do      try doing
  7 go on to do     go on doing       
  8 afraid to do     afraid doing
  9 interested to do  interested doing 
 10 mean to do      mean doing
 11 begin/ start to do  begin/ start doing
38#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:54:30 | 只看该作者
8. 特殊詞精講
8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do
 停止,中斷做某事後去做另一件事。
stop doing
 停止做某事。
  They stop to smoke a cigarette.  他們停下來,抽了根煙。
  I must stop smoking..      我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
  She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. 
A. to have rested
 B. resting  C. to rest D. rest
答案:C。由題意可知,她到了山頂,停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此,應選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止,所以stop doing sth.不正確。

8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止,中斷做某事後去做另一件事。
stop doing
 停止做某事。
  They stop to smoke a cigarette.  他們停下來,抽了根煙。
  I must stop smoking.      我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
  She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. 
A. to have rested
 B. resting  C. to rest D. rest
答案:C。由題意可知,她到了山頂,停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此,應選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止,所以stop doing sth.不正確。
39#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:54:50 | 只看该作者
8.2 forget doing/to do
 forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
 forget doing 忘記做過某事。  (已做)
 The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
 辦公室的燈還在亮著,它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)
 He forgot turning the light off.
 他忘記他已經關了燈了。    ( 已做過關燈的動作)
 Don't forget to come tomorrow.
 別忘了明天來。         (to come動作未做)

典型例題
 ---- The light in the office is still on.
 ---- OhI forgot___.          
  A. turning it off  B. turn it off  C. to turn it off  D. having turned it off
  答案:C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著,即關燈的動作沒有發生,因此用forget to do sth.
forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了,而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。

8.3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事     (未做)
 remember doing 記得做過某事    (已做)

Remember to go to the post office after school.
記著放學後去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do  對要做的事遺憾。     (未做)
regret doing
  對做過的事遺憾、後悔。  (已做)
  I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒有辦法。
  I don't regret telling her what I thought. 
我不為告訴她我的想法而後悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do
  B. to be doing  C. to have done  D. having done
答案:Dregret having done sth. 對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到後悔,因此選D
40#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:55:09 | 只看该作者
8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do  長時間,甚至永遠停做某事。
cease doing
  短時停止做某事,以後還會接著做。
  That department has ceased to exist forever.
  那個部門已不復存在。
  The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
  姑娘們在老師走過時,停了會聊天。

8.6 try doing/to do
try to do  努力,企圖做某事。
 try doing  試驗,試著做某事。

You must try to be more careful.
 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我試著種果木花卉,但未成功。

8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事後,接著做另一件事。
go on doing
  繼續做原來做的事。
  After he had finished his mathshe went on to do his physics.
  做完數學後,他接著去做物理。
  Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
  作完這個練習後,接著做其他的練習

8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀上的原因不去做,意為""
be afraid of doing
 擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。 doing 是客觀上造成的,意為"生怕,恐怕"

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬著,而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册

本版积分规则

小黑屋|手机版|Archiver|外贸验货员网

GMT+8, 2025-1-31 08:05 , Processed in 0.057866 second(s), 16 queries , Gzip On.

Powered by Discuz! X3.2

© 2001-2013 Comsenz Inc.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表