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41#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:55:40 | 只看该作者
8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do   對做某事感興趣,想瞭解某事。
 interested in doing  對某種想法感興趣,doing 通常為想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道發生了什麼事。 (想瞭解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?  (一種想法)

8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do  打算、想
 mean doing 意味著
 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
 我想去,但是我父親不肯讓我去。
 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
 贈加工資意味著增加購買力。

8.11 begin(start) doing/to do
 begin / start to do sth
 begin / start doing sth.

1)
 談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時,使用doing.
  How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
  你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴?
2)
 begin, start用進行時時,後面動詞用不定式to do
  I was beginning to get angry
  我開始生起氣來。
3)
 在attempt, intend, begin, start 後接know, understand, realize這類動詞時,常用不定式to do
  I begin to understand the truth
  我開始明白真相。
4)
 物作主語時
  It began to melt.
42#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:56:01 | 只看该作者
8.12 感官動詞 + doing/to do
感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do  表示動作的完整性,真實性;+doing 表示動作的連續性,進行性
 
 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
 昨天我看見他在花園裏幹活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)
 I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調"我見他正幹活"這個動作)
 昨天我見他正在花園裏幹活。
典型例題
1
They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. 
  A. grow  B. grew  C. was growing  D. to grow
  答案:A。因題意為,他們看著她長大,因此強調的是成長的過程,而非正在長的動作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2
The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. 
 A. playing  B. to be playing  C. play  D. to play
 答案A. 本題強調其動作,正在河邊玩,應此用see sb. doing sth句型。
43#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:56:22 | 只看该作者
9. 分詞
9.1 分詞作定語
 分詞前置 
 We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
 He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人
 
 分詞後置 (i分詞片語;ii 個別分詞如given, left iii 修飾不定代詞 something)
 There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那裏
 This is the question given.   這是所給的問題
 There is nothing interesting.  沒有有趣的東西
 過去分詞作定語
 與其修飾的詞是被動關係,相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
 Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.

典型例題
  1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 
A. have written
  B. to be written  C. being written  D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動關係,應用過去分詞做定語表被動,相當於定語從句 which is written
 
  2What's the language ____ in Germany? 
A. speaking
  B. spoken   C. be spoken  D. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。
  spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式,在句中作定語,修飾主語language, spoken language有被動關係。該句可以理解為:
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?

44#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:56:48 | 只看该作者
9.1 分詞作定語
分詞前置 
 We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
 He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人
 
分詞後置 (i.分詞片語;ii. 個別分詞如given, left iii. 修飾不定代詞 something)
 There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那裏
 This is the question given.   這是所給的問題
 There is nothing interesting.  沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語
 與其修飾的詞是被動關係,相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
 Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.

典型例題
  1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 
A. have written
  B. to be written  C. being written  D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動關係,應用過去分詞做定語表被 動,相當於定語從句 which is written
 
  2What's the language ____ in Germany? 
A. speaking
  B. spoken   C. be spoken  D. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。
  spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式,在句中作定語,修飾主語language, spoken language有被動關係。該句可以理解為:
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?


9.2 分詞作狀語
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
  由於沒有收到他的信,我給他打了電話。
  If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention
the trees could have grown better.
 假如多給些照顧,那些樹會長得更好。
典型例題
 1_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed
  B. Followed by  C. Being followed  D. Having been followed
 答案B. Napoleon follow 之間有被動的含義。being followed除表達被動之外,還有動作正在進行之意。 followed by(被…跟隨)。本題可改為:                 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
 
 2There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. 
A. followed
  B. following  C. to be followed  D. being followed
 答案B. 由於聲音在閃電後,因此為聲跟隨著光,聲音為跟隨的發出者,為主動。用現在分詞。
 
 3_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating
  B. To be heated  C. Heated  D. Heat
 答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語。現在分詞表主動,正在進行的;過去分詞表被動的,已經完成的。對於液體來說是加熱的受動者,是被動的,因而選C。它相當於一個狀語從句 When it is heated,…
  注意: 選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞,關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發出,分詞就選用現在分詞,反之就用過去分詞。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
  由於用了很長時間,這本書看上去很舊。
Using the book, I find it useful.
  在使用的過程中, 我發現這本書很有用。
45#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:57:20 | 只看该作者
9.3 連詞+分詞(短語)
有時為使分詞短語與主句關係更清楚,可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有: whenwhileif thoughafter, before, as. 但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個,如:
  While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
  waiting saw 的主語相同。

9.4 分詞作補語
 通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之後,如:
  I found my car missing. 我發現我的車不見了。
  I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手錶修一下。

9.5 分詞作表語
現在分詞: 表示主動,正在進行
過去分詞: 表示被動,已經完成
  She looked tired with cooking. 她由於忙著做飯,看上去有些疲倦。
  He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。

9.6 分詞作插入語
 其結構是固定的,意思上的主語並不是句子的主語。
 generally speaking 一般說來
 talking of (speaking of) 說道
 strictly speaking 嚴格的說
 judging from 從…判斷
 all things considered 從整體來看
 taking all things into consideration 全面看來
  Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。
  Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說,狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 並不是dogs 的動作)
46#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:57:32 | 只看该作者
9.7 分詞的時態
1)與主語動詞同時,
 Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.  聽到這一消息,他高興得手舞足蹈。
 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 剛一到那兒,他們就發現那男孩死了。
典型例題
  The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare
  B. preparing  C. prepared  D. was preparing 
  答案B. 此處沒有連詞,不能選D,否則出現了兩個謂語動詞workedwas preparing 只能在BC中選一個。又因前後兩個動作同時發生,且與主語為主動關係,應用現在分詞。

2
)先於主動詞
  While walking in the gardenhe hurt his leg. 在花園裏散步時他傷了腿。
  分詞作時間狀語,如果先與主動詞的動作,且強調先後, 要用having done
  Having finished his homework, he went out.
  =As he had finished his homework, he went out.
   做完作業後,他出去了。
典型例題
  ___ a reply, he decided to write again. 
A. Not receiving
  B. Receiving not  C. Not having received  D. Having not received  
  答案C. 本題考查分詞的時態與分詞的否定式。根據題意判斷,分詞的動作(接信)發生在謂語動詞的動作(決心再寫信)之前,因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構成為not +分詞,故選C。該句可理解為:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.

9.8 分詞的語態
1)通常,現在分詞表示主動,過去分詞表示被動,例如:
He is the man giving you the money.
 (= who gave you) 他就是給你錢的那個人。
He is the man stopped by the car.
  ( = who was stopped by)
他就是那個被車攔住的人。

2
)不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經發生 
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
: a well-read person.  一個讀過許多書的人
   a much-travelled may 一個去過許多地方的人
   a burnt-out match   燒完了的火柴
47#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:57:52 | 只看该作者
10. 獨立主格
10.1 獨立主格
(一): 獨立主格結構的構成:
名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。 
(二) 獨立主格結構的特點:
  1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
  2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關係。
  3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:
  The test finished, we began our holiday.
 = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
  考試結束了,我們開始放假。
  
  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
 = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
  總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 
  如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
   
  工作完成後,我們才回家。
  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 
  會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。
  He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子裏,耳朵凍壞了。
  
  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
 他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
48#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:58:14 | 只看该作者
10.2 With的複合結構作獨立主格
 表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨立結構,也可用with的複合結構。
  with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
  = He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例題
  The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back
A. being tied
  B. having tied  C. to be tied  D. tied  
  答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導。由於本句中名詞""與分詞""是被動關係,因此用過去分詞,選D.  
注意:

1)
獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題:
  當介詞是in時,其前後的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用複數。但 with 的複合結構不受此限制
  A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 
  ( hand前不能加his)。     

2)
當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,及物動詞用現在分 詞,不及物動詞用過去分詞。
  He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
 
典型例題:
 Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
 A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting
  答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是複合句,也不是並列句。 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的複合結構。據此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結構, 其結構為:名詞+分詞。 由於permit在這裏翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動,應用現在分詞,故選B
如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然後將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。
49#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 09:58:39 | 只看该作者
11. 動詞的時態
11.1 一般現在時的用法

1)
經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。
  時間狀語: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday
  I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2)
客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。
  The earth moves around the sun.
  Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3)
表示格言或警句中。
  Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
  注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4)
現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
  I don't want so much.
  Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
   I am doing my homework now.

  第一句用一般現在時,用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標誌,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以後句用一般現在時。
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。
  時間狀語: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday
  I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2)
客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。
  The earth moves around the sun.
  Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3)
表示格言或警句中。
  Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
  注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4)
現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
  I don't want so much.
  Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
   I am doing my homework now.

  第一句用一般現在時,用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標誌,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以後句用一般現在時。
50#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-8 10:38:24 | 只看该作者
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1)在確定的過去時間裏所發生的動作或存在的狀態。
  時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
  Where did you go just now?

2
)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。
  When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
  Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.     

3
)句型:
  It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……時間了"  "該……了"
  It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了"  "早該……了"
  It is time for you to go to bed.  你該睡覺了。
  It is time you went to bed.   你早該睡覺了。
  would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'
  I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope
等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。
 I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:
  一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去,現已不復存在。
 Christine was an invalid all her life. 
  (含義:她已不在人間。)
 Christine has been an invalid all her life. 
  (含義:她現在還活著)
 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
  (含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
 Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
 ( 含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
  
注意: 用過去時表示現在,表示委婉語氣。
1
)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
   Did you want anything else?
   I wondered if you could help me.
2
)情態動詞 could, would.
   Could you lend me your bike?
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