自学英语-语法篇

melodyhata200

1.常见标点符号的用法
句号 Period [.]

用以表示一个句子的结束
Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.
The federal government is based in Ottawa.
用在缩写中
B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.
The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.

问号 Question Mark [?]

在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句：
How many provinces are there in Canada?
注意：在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号：
The teacher asked the class a question.
Do not ask me why.

叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]

在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪：
We won the Stanley Cup!
The forest is on fire!

逗号 Comma [,]

句子中的停顿
Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.
在疑问句中引出说话人：
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
排列三个或以上的名词：
Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.
引出定语从句
Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.

单引号 Apostrophe [']

表示所有
This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)
Note: 对于复数形式的名词，只加'
These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)
缩写I don't know how to fix it.


引号Quotation Marks ["]

直接引出某人说的话：
The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

冒号Colon [:]

引出一系列名词
There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.
引出一个较长的引语
The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."

分号Semicolon [;]

将两个相关的句子连接起来
The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.
和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词
The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.

破折号Dash [-]

在一个句子前作总结
Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.
在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释
The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.
表示某人在说话过程中被打断
The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.

连字符Hyphen [-]

连接两个单词
sweet-smelling
fire-resistant
将前缀
anti-Canadian
non-contact
在数字中使用
one-quarter
twenty-three

melodyhata200

2.英语动词时态、语态考点误用剖析

1. 对不起，我没看见你在这儿。

[误] Sorry, I don’t see you here.

[正] Sorry, I didn’t see you here.

[析] 根据语境，本句是指刚才没看见对方在这，而不是现在没看见对方在这，所以要用一般过去时。


2. 你能告诉我北京冬天是否下雪吗？

[误] Could you tell me if it snowed in winter in Beijing?

[正] Could you tell me if it snows in winter in Beijing?

[析] 一般现在时除表示经常性的动作外，还可表示习惯性的动作，即现阶段的一个事实，句中不需要任何经常性的时间状语配合。could表示一种客气的语气，不表示过去时态。


3. 他说他第二天要去合肥出差。

[误] He said he will go to Hefei on business the next day.

[正] He said he would go to Hefei on business the next day.

[析] 主句谓语动词为过去时，宾语从句表示过去的将来要发生的动作，要用过去将来时。


4. 我忘了把你的伞带来了。

[误] I forget to bring your umbrella with me.

[正] I forgot to bring your umbrella with me.

[析] 不用forget，而用forgot，因为现在已经记起来了，forgot是说话这一时刻之前的动作。由于受汉语思维习惯的影响，动词时态观念不强，误把一般现在时当作一般过去时。


5. 他父亲离开祖国已经50年了。

[误] His father has left his homeland for fifty years.

[正] His father has been away from his homeland for fifty years.

[析] 短暂性动词的完成时(肯定式)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，要么改为表示状态的动词，要么用下列句式来表达(以此句为例)：
His father left his homeland fifty years ago.
It is fifty years since his father left his homeland.
It has been fifty years since his father left his homeland.
Fifty years have passed since his father left his homeland.


6. "你去过北京吗？""是的，我去过。"

[误] "Have you gone to Beijing?""Yes, I have gone there."

[正] "Have you been to Beijing?""Yes, I have been there."

[析] Have you gone to Beijing?是"你已经到北京了吗？"，指目前人已在北京或在赴北京的途中。说话的时候，显然你已不在北京了，所以说用在这儿不恰当。表示"过去曾去过某处而现在又回来了"须用have been。


7. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去参观美术展览。

[误] We shall see an exhibition of pain-tings if it won"t rain tomorrow.


[正] We shall see an exhibition of pain-tings if it doesn"t rain tomorrow.

[析] 在时间状语从句中，从句要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。


8. 在过去几年中，我们家乡发生了巨大的变化。

[误] There were great changes in our home-town in the past few years.

[正] There have been great changes in our hometown in the past few years.

[析] "In / During the past / last + 复数名词"是完成时态的标志之一，不要被past / last所迷惑，而用了过去时。


9. 我不知道那艘船明天是否会准点到。

[误] I wonder if the ship arrives on time tomorrow.

[正] I wonder if the ship will arrive on time tomorrow.

[析] 这里if连接的宾语从句，表示"是否"(=whether)，而不是条件状语从句，表示"如果"。因此根据句意仍需用一般将来时。


10. 自从1978年以来我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。

[误] Great changes have been taken place in our hometown since 1978.

[正] Great changes have taken place in our hometown since 1978.

[析] take place和happen都是不及物动词或短语，不能用于被动语态。

melodyhata200

11. 那个村也叫国际会议村。

[误] The village also called the International Meeting Village.

[正] The village is also called the International Meeting Village.

[析] 英语被动语态是由"be + 动词的过去分词"构成，因此在also前应加is。



12. 我们学校也教俄语。

[误] Our school also teaches Russian.

[正] Russian is also taught in our school.

[析] 当动作的执行者没有必要指明或为大家所知时，通常用被动语态。显然our school不是teach的执行者，而应该是没有表示出来的teachers，因此，要把动作的承受者Russian用作主语，用被动语态来表达。



13. 我们都认识那位科学家。

[误] The scientist is known by us all.　　　

[正] The scientist is known to us all.

[析] by表示动作执行者。而表示范围、地点等用法时，要用介词to或in。



14. 孩子们陆续地走进了博物馆。

[误] The museum was entered by the children one by one.

[正] The children entered the museum one by one.

[析] 某些及物动词，如leave, enter, reach, join等后接表示地点、处所、组织名称的名词作宾语时，不能转换为被动语态。




15. 他在会上向我们作了自我介绍。

[误] Himself was introduced to us at the meeting by him.

[正] He introduced himself to us at the meeting.

[析] 反身代词作宾语时，不能转换成被动语态。




16. 这本杂志在这儿很畅销。

[误] This magazine is sold well here.

[正] This magazine sells well here.

[析] 有些动词，如：act, add, brush, burn, clean, cook, count, cut, draw, drive, keep, lock, look, open, read, sell, smoke, strike, wash, wear, write等，其主动形式在一些具体场合表示被动意义。这类句子的特点是：主语往往是"物"而不是"人"。另外，后面往往带有well这一类副词，或者修饰主语的形容词.

melodyhata200

3. 名词的主谓一致性

(1)1. A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用单数形式
A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat.
The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.

2. And连接几个单数主语，主语由each、 every、 no、 many a等词修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数
Each boy and each girl is invited.
Every boy and girl is invited.
No boy and no girl is there now.

3. A、B为两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数
A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.
Bread and butter is nutritious.

4. 由or, not only… but also …, either… or …, neither… nor …连接主语时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致 （注意，叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同）
Either you or I am mad.
Neither you nor he is naughty.
Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.

5. 当主语后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like, including, as well as, rather than等词的时候，谓语动词不受词组的影响，仅和主语保持一致
All but one were here just now.
A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.

(2). 单一主语的情况
1. 以复数形式结尾的统称名词作主语时，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means, works, 等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式, 当然，若表示复数的意思则另当别论

Physics is very important.
Every means has been tried.

2.当由至少两个部分组成的工具的名称，或者衣服的名称等作主语时，例如trousers/pants, shoes, glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，谓语用复数形式；如果这些词由Pair(suit, piece, series,kind)+ of修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数
My trousers are white and his clothes are black.
A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.

但是在these/those pairs (…) of + 复数名词之后，谓语动词则用复数形式
These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.


(3) 动名词，不定式，从句作主语的时候，谓语动词一般要用单数
To see is to believe.
Swimming is a good way to keep health.
Who is her father is not known.

(4) 集体名词作主语时
a) mankind/humanity/man（人类）作主语的时候，谓语动词一般用单数形式
Only man knows how to cook.

b) 由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语的时候，谓语动词用复数形式
The cattle are grazing in the field.

c) Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语的时候

i. 若当整体看，则谓语动词用单数形式
Our class is very diligent.

ii. 若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式
When I came into the room, his family were watching TV.

iii. A family/group/class作主语时，谓语动词用单数
families/groups/classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数
A group is coming to the zoo.

(5). 其他情况
a) 主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候，谓语动词用单数形式 ---3 kilometers is not very far.
Three times three makes nine.

b) one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 复数名词
谓语动词一般用单数形式，因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语，of前面的one, every one … 才是主语 .
Neither of them is right.
Each of them has a slide.

c) none of + 不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式
none of + 可数名词　——谓语动词单复均可
None of that money in the desk is his.
None of his classmates knows the truth.

d) 分数或百分数 + of + 词组
分数或百分数+ of +词组作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数；若名词或代词是复数，谓语动词用复数，若名词或代词是单数，则谓语动词用单数
Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea.
Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day.

e) more than one +(单数名词)+单数动词
more than two +(复数名词)+复数动词
More than one white rose has bloomed.
More than two white roses have bloomed.

f) a (great) number of + 复数名词 ——用复数动词
the number of + 任何名词 —— 用单数动词
A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.
The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.

g) the + 形容词，表示一类人 ——谓语动词用复数
the + 形容词，表示一类物 ——谓语动词用单数
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
The beauty is here.

h) every, any, some, no 构成的复合词someone, somebody, something ，no one, nobody, nothing everyone, everybody, everything anyone, anybody, anything这些复合词作主语的时候，谓语动词用单数形式
Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.
Listen, someone is knocking at the door.

melodyhata200

4. 英语语法难点精析
【语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】

定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。



一般说来，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种：
①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。
如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。
乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”不对啊，天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。

②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。
如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。

③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后
如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。
【语法难点精析之besides ,but, except, except for, excepting, apart from的区别】

（１） besides与except
前者表示＂除．．．以外，还有．．．＂；后者表示＂从整体中除去．．．＂
这个大家都知道，就不举例子了．

（２）except与except for
a．除去的和非除去的是同类事物，用except
e.g.: All the essays are well written except Nelson’s.
Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同类事物，所以用except．

b．除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用except for，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾．
e.g.：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
a few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同类的事物．

（３）apart from 具有多重意义：
既可表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思
e.g.：
Apart from the cost, it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
He has done good work, apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知．（＝without）

（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等词之后
e.g.:
Excepting his brother, they are all right.
Everyone, not excepting myself, must share the blame.
All of us, without excepting those who know more about the subject, should study.
All my brothers com here every day, always excepting the youngest.

（５）but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，nobody等词以后及all，none之后
e.g.：
The children go to school every day but Sunday.
They are all gone but me.
You can get the book anywhere but here.
There is no one but me.
Who but George would do such a thing?

【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】
我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能"
e.g.: He is too old to work.

但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:
⑴
too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.
e.g.: English is not too difficult to learn.
英语并不太难学.
He is too wise not to see that.
他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.

(2)当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,

early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时.
e.g.: They are too anxious to leave.
他们急于离开.
He is too ready to help others.
他总是乐于助人.
与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.
e.g.: I’m only too glad to see you .
见到你非常高兴.
They are but too pleased to hear the news.
他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.

⑵
cannot连用时.
e.g.: You cannot be too careful (=you can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).



⑶
不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.
e.g.: There are too many problems to be solved.
有很多问题有待解决.
It is too much to say that he is a fool.

melodyhata200

【语法难点精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
⑴
"every other+单数名词”
意思是“每隔一…”
如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树

⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”
意思是“每隔。。。”（较英语数词少一个）
如：every three days=every third day 每隔两天（或者译为每三天）
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者译为每两天）

⑵
every few+复数名词”
意思是“每隔几…”
如：every few days（每隔几天）

【语法难点精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴ lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。
如：
Young children are usually lively.
小孩子们通常是活泼的。
He told a very lively story.
他讲了一个生动的故事。

⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。
如：
This is a live (=living) fish. (=This is a fish alive.)
这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用）
Who’s the greatest man alive (=living man)?
谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive (=living)
那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。

⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等）解时，要用living。
如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living）
那位敌方军官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living）
He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive）
他活像他父亲。

⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。
如：
The living are more important to us than the dead.
活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。


【语法难点精析之用to do还是of doing作后置定语】
不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了携家去国外的决定.

⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsibility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语.
如:
In fact, there is no hope of their winning the game.
事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.

⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity, ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语.
如:
Their chance to go(of going) abroad was lost.
他们失去了出国的机会.
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有权那样做.

melodyhata200

5.非谓语动词
主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、
表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。


1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)


(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)


（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.


2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别

(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。


2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。


3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．


(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。

(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．


(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。
一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式
凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。
若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,
若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：


interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。

melodyhata200

3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：


(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装


ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿
wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备


decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习 vow起
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图

melodyhata200

2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求


authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告 compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤
command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练


cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望


(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受
dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想

enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒 can’t help不禁 delay延迟
escape逃跑，逃避 can’t stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过
resent怨恨 finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止


forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止
save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌
recall回想


例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

melodyhata200

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）


2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事


3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)


4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔


5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法


6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着


7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）


8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建议（做某事）


9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。