关于小部件,已讨论过多次,由于特别重要,总结一下W的认识。
3岁以下小孩往往由于手眼协调能力尚未发展成熟,常常借“口”来探索世界,就有了拿到东西往口里送的习惯;在这个年龄段,咳嗽能力亦尚未发育成熟,或者甚至不懂得去移取。所以,一般来说,只要能容入小圆筒的小部件,都有致使窒息的可能。
一些传统型的玩具,注意是传统型的,或者是基于市场或其他原因,如 balloons, articles made of paper, writing materials such as crayons and chalk, modeling clay, and finger paints, watercolors and other paint sets,由于在使用和滥用中不可能不产生小部件,或者说在使用中如 crayons mouthed by children 就会产生小部件,基于这些原因豁免上述物品小部件要求;Pieces of paper, fabric, yarn, fuzz, elastic, and string则是因为它们不大可能引起窒息;Children's clothing and accessories such as shoe lace holders, diaper pins, and barrettes 则因为它们要做得这么小才能满足预期目的,这大体算是功能性尖点利边外的“功能性小部件”之说。对豁免小部件要求的物品范围,W认为法无明文规定豁免的则不能豁免。
对于Hazard,在表述上,与小部件关联的并不限于choking hazrd,还包括 inhalation, swallowing, ingestion, suffocation & asphyxiation 等等,即不限于透不过气来那种,还包括吸入和吞咽等而导致的死亡和受伤;W之前还说过吸入到肺里不能循环而只能通过手术移取的情形。需要强调的是,对美国而言,如果3到6岁含有小部件而缺少statutory choke hazard warning,也应定义为有choking hazard.
如果3岁以下含有非豁免的小部件,则是明令禁止的,它不同于尖点利边,不能 hazard review,或者说那是委员会的事情。可见,“危险小部件”的表述也是不够严谨准确的,不应区分危险还是不危险的小部件,只要是小部件都应 fail.
对于lz的问题,能容入小圆筒的即是小部件,至于是否豁免,en71 如是说, Filling materials from which pieces can be bitten or torn off include, for example, plastic foam but exclude paper, fabric, elastics, yarn, strings and fuzz. .
By the way, polystyrene beads can be particularly hazardous as young children might inhale them.
Decorations, like glitter, sequins or jewellery, on handbags, purses and outer fashion accessories should be firmly attached.
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