英语语法详解--ed分词（一）_英语语法

hung

　内 容 提 要　　-ED分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式：规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词＋-ED构成；不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上，它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，可以作表语，定语，状语，也可以用在复合结构中，不管它作什么成分，其最基本的含义是"被动"的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。
　　第一节 -ED分词的用法
　　一、-ED分词作表语
　　The glass is broken. / He was amused. / She seemed quite disappointed. / He is greatly discouraged by her refusal of inviting her to the party. / The window remains locked.
　　已经形容词化了的-ED分词大都作表语，常见的有：accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, deserted, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, exhausted, excited, experienced, fadded, fascinated, frightened, hurt, inexperienced, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unqualified, unkown, upset, worried, wounded等。
　　二、作定语的-ED分词
　　-ED分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语，作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句
　　1) Commercial banks make most of their income from interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.
　　［A］ earn ［B］ earned ［C］ to earn［D］ was earned
　　2) On his return from his college, he found the house .
　　［A］ deserting［B］ deserted［C］ desert［D］ to be deserted
　　3) The age ［A］ of a geological sample can be estimated ［B］ from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present ［C］ in the object is examined ［D］ .

hung

　三、用作状语的-ED分词　　这样的-ED分词通常来自及物动词。-ED分词用作状语时，跟-ING分词作状语时一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间，条件，原因，伴随状况等。-ED分词结构作状语，前边往往可以加when,while,if,as if,though。这时，我们可以把-ED分词结构理解为一个省略句，即省去了"主语和be的变化形式"。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。
　　1. 表示时间
　　4) Inaugurated a second time on March 4， 1901， focused on domestic rather than foreign policies.
　　［A］ William McKinley's new term looked forward to and
　　［B］ the new term looked forward to William McKinley and
　　［C］ looking forward to a new term was William McKinley
　　［D］ William McKinley looked forward to a new term
　　2. 表示条件
　　5) under a microscope，a fresh snowflake has a delicate sixpointed shape.
　　［A］ Seen ［B］ Sees ［C］ Seeing［D］ To see
　　6) to steel，chromium(铬) increases the metal's hardness.
　　［A］ Added ［B］ In addition ［C］ Adding［D］ Adds
　　7) enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.
　　［A］ Being given［B］ Given［C］ Give
　　［D］ To give
3. 表示原因
　　8) Encouraged by his mother， .
　　［A］ art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent
　　［B］ Florence was where John Singer Sargent studied art
　　［C］ the study of art in Florence by John Singer Sargent
　　［D］ John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.
　　9) by the decision， the lawyer quickly left the court room.
　　［A］ Angering ［B］ Having angered ［C］ Being angry ［D］ Angered
　　10) Written in great haste, .
　　［A］ Jim made a lot of mistakes in the report ［B］ there are plenty of errors in the report
　　［C］ we found several mistakes in his report ［D］ the books is full of errors.
　　4. 表示伴随状况：-ED分词结构作状语表示伴随状况时，没有适当的分句可替换
　　11) was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later，in 1834.
　　［A］ Settling Brooklyn，the Dutch ［B］ The Dutch settled Brooklyn
　　［C］ Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch ［D］ Settled by the Dutch，Brooklyn
　　12) Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.
　　［A］ being lost［B］ having lost［C］ losing［D］ lost5. 表示让步
　　13) Francis Preston Blair，Jr.， born in Kentucky，lived and practiced law in Missouri.
　　［A］ was ［B］ he was ［C］ although ［D］ who he was 6. 表示结果
　　14) in all parts of the state， pines are the most common trees in Georgia.
　　［A］ Found ［B］ Finding them ［C］ To find them ［D］ They are found
　　7. 表示目的
　　15) They should be kept here this matter.
　　［A］ informing about
　　［B］ be informed
　　［C］ be informed of
　　［D］ informed of8. 表示背景和衬托
　　16) Known for her caricatures(漫画) of the United States society， .
　　［A］ Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children
　　［B］ the writing and illustrating of books for children by Peggy Brown
　　［C］ children's books were written and illustrated by Peggy Brown
　　［D］ Peggy Brown's writing and illustrating of children's books
　　17) Well known as a splendid pianist in Boston， .
　　［A］ we all are pleased to hear Mr. Anderson's concerto(小协奏曲)
　　［B］ a concerto was composed by Mr. Anderson
　　［C］ Mr. Anderson composed a concerto
　　［D］ Mr. Anderson's concerto was composed
　　四、-ED分词在复合结构中
　　Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us in this class.
　　Peter had his gas and electricity turned on when he moved into his new apartment last month.
　　He kept his mouth shut and stayed where he was.(他闭口不言，呆在原地不动。)
　　They are talking about the experiment made in the new lab.

hung

不定式、-ING分词和-ED分词三者间的关系　　一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别
　　1. 作宾语时，-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作，而不定式则表示某次具体动作，特别是将来的动作
　　I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
　　1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
　　［A］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated
　　2) News of success keeps in.
　　［A］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring
　　3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.
　　2. 作定语时，-ING表示正在进行的动作，用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成；不定式表示未来发生
　　4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
　　［A］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched
　　5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
　　6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .
　　3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候，用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语
　　It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
　　I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
　　decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
　　to the job.
　　4. 在remember,forget等词后，如果跟-ING分词，表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前；如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后
　　I remember telling her that last night. ("告
　　诉"发生在"记得"之前) He remembered to tell her that when she
　　came back. ("记得"发生在"告诉"之前)
　　I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主
　　语动词表示的动作"忘记"发生在不定式表
　　示的动作"给带口信"之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot
　　giving the message last night. (-ING分词
　　表示的动作"给带口信"发生在谓语动词表
　　示的动作"忘记"之前)
　　5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同
　　They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他动作)来工作］
　　They stopped working. ［停下工作(来干其他动作)］
　　Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人继续讨论这一问题］
　　Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人们停下来其他事，继续讨论这一问题］
　　He left off writing.［他停下写作(去干其他事)］
　　He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)来写作］
　　6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示"过去经常干……"；另外一种情况是use的被动词态"be used"后跟不定式；后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词
　　7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
　　［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
　　8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
　　［A］ get used to［B］ get to［C］ get over［D］ get on with
　　9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.
　　7. 一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being
　　10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
　　［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been
　　8. be＋形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语，而不用-ING
　　It is very difficult to manage the company.