自学英语-语法篇

melodyhata200

第二章：地道美国味速成

最能体现“美国味”的发音都集中在下面的句子中。其实做到很容易，只要你在练习的时候，尽量夸张（overdo, exaggerate）你的发音和口型，尽量放纵，尽量发泄，尽量慢，尽量拉长你的元音，并一口气读完整个句子。
第一、
我们来看[A]，俗称“疯狂90度咧嘴”音。

21. That black lad［年轻人；少年］was very sad because his dad   had died in a bad accident in the factory.［九个“疯狂90度咧嘴”音］
那个黑人少年极为忧伤，因为他爸爸在工厂的一起严重意外事故中丧身了。

22. You shouldn't have done that.
你不应该做那件事的［实际上你做了］。
大家一起来数一数，看看下面的对话中出现了多少个（疯狂90度咧嘴音）
  

23. A: What's the［matter］, Alice? You look so［unhappy］.
爱丽丝，你怎么了？看来你很不高兴。
B: I［had］a［bad］day yesterday.我昨天倒霉了。
A: What［happened］?出什么事了？

B: I went shopping［and］lost my［bag］.我昨天去买东西，把包给丢了。
A: Your［bag］? Did you get it［back］?你把包丢了?找回来没有?

B: I went ［back］for it. But it was already gone.
我回去找了，包已经丢了。
A: ［That's］too ［bad］. I'm sorry to hear ［that］.
真不走运，事真叫人遗憾。
  

［答案］一共出现了13次“疯狂90度咧嘴”音,可以充分练习国际肌肉!设法尽早把你的中国肌肉变成国际肌肉( turn your Chinese muscle into international muscle ).
  第二、我们来看[i:]，俗称穿针引线。
  24. Do you see the key on the seat?
你看见座位上的钥匙了吗？三次穿针引线，也就是三次长元音[i:]。

第三、[Bi]，俗称爱的大嘴音。
25. It's inside my mouth.在我的嘴里。
26. Would you mind * a little less noise?请您轻点儿，好吗？
27. How nice of you to do that?你这样做真是太好了！
28. He speaks very highly of you. 他对你赞不绝口。
29. I'd drive five miles on Friday night to see a fight that I like.
星期五晚上我要驱车五英里去观看我喜欢的拳击赛。
  

第四、下面是一个，典型的美国特有的大嘴发音[B]。元音字母O在重读闭音节中，美音和英音有不同的发音。这是英美发音重大差别之一。这个音我们俗称为“啊，祖国的大好河山”疯狂感叹音。
30. Do what you want.你想做的。
31. Where is the［watch］I put in my［pocket］to take to the
    ［shop］because it had［stopped］.
因为停止了走动而放在我的口袋里要拿到店里去修的那块表在什么地方？

32. I was［sorry］to hear your had news.听到你的坏消息我很难过。
33. Do you often［watch］television?你经常看电视吗？
34. I'll［watch］the baby while you're away.你们不在时我来照看孩子。
35. I know［what］you mean.我明白你的意思。
36. Try to finish the job as soon as［possible］.设法尽早完成这项工作。

37. I've［got］a job for you, ［wash］these dishes.
我有点活给你做，把这些碟子给洗了。
38. Thank god you're safe!谢天谢地，你平安无事。
39. You go first and I'll follow (you) later.你先走，我接着就来。
40. It's a very popular song.那是一首非常流行的歌曲。

第五、[，俗称舀水动作。
41. He's one of my closest friends.他是我最亲密的朋友之一。
42. We're hoping to visit the US this year.我们希望今年能到美国访问。
43. After this dry weather, everyone hopes for rain.

在这样干燥的天气之后，备家都希望能下雨。
44. The White House is the home of the President and his family.
白宫是总统和他家庭的住处。
45. When his wife died, he was very lonely.妻子去世后，他很孤独。
46. Let me show you the photographs from my vacation.
让我给你看一看我假期里拍的照片。

第六、[BU ]，俗称啊噢鬼哭狼嚎大嘴音。
47. Get out of my house now.马上从我的房子里滚出去。
48. How about going downtown now?现在去市中心，好吗？
49. I'm so proud of you.我深深为你而骄傲。
50. No doubt about it.毫无疑问。

第七、[Ci]，俗称大小奥一音。
51. I was annoyed at the boy for spoiling [糟蹋；破坏；损坏] the toy which belonged to Joy.
这个男孩使我很生气，他糟蹋了乔伊的玩具。

melodyhata200

第三章：中国发音习惯大突破
下面我们来疯狂攻击辅音。因为中国各种方言影响根深蒂固，使得我们很多朋友有着顽固的发音障碍。
  

[l]和[n]
52. I like listening to classical and light music.我喜欢听古典音乐和轻音乐。
53. It's nice moonlight tonight.]今夜月色迷人。

[r]和[l]
54. Foreign languages are really difficult to learn.
外语很难学。
55. We are terribly sorry for being late.
非常抱歉我们来晚了。

[ʃ]和[ʒ]*English *fish *wash *foolish
56. You are foolish to say so. =It is foolish to say so.你这样说是愚蠢的。
57. You must be patient with your students.你对学生必须有耐心。

[ʒ]可以用日来帮助发音。
*pleasure *measure *treasure *usual *leisure
58. She spends much of her leisure time watching TV.她花了多少空闲时间看电视。
59. Reading gives me great pleasure.读书带给我很大的乐趣。
  [tʃ]]和[dʒ]

[tʃ]可以用汉字气来训练。
*China *chair *chance *challenge *choice *charge
60. I changed my mind.我改变了主意。
61. He charged five dollars for the cups.这些杯子他索价五元。
[dʒ]可以用汉字“举”来训练。但是只发前半部分，轻轻地，温柔地发。
*bridge *change *encourage *age *edge *manage
62. My uncle manages the hotel我的叔叔经营那家旅馆。.
63. She looks old for her age.她看起来比她的年龄老得多。

[ts]和[dz]
  [ts]可以用“雌”来帮助发音。*coats *roots *its *plates *let's

[dz]可以用“儿子”“滋润”“姿色”“艾滋病”来帮助发音。*foods *beds *birds *buds
  

[n],[ŋ]和[m]

[m]是闭嘴音。
64. To speak English well, you must move your mouth and murmur to yourself all the time.
如果想要说好英语，你必须开口，并时刻自言自语。

[n]开嘴应答音。

65. It will be fun to go camping.去露营会很好玩。

[ŋ]开嘴撒娇音，气流要向鼻腔和头部上冲，舌身后缩。
Thank you.谢谢！
66. Everything is going fine.万事如意。
67. Nothing special!没什么特别的。
68. She looks angry.她面有怒色。

最后我们来攻击美国发音的另外一个最大特点：疯狂卷舌头。
69. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.

只要有一点值得做的事情就值得好好做。
70. World War Two was worse than World War One.二战比一战更残酷。
71. Chinese people had a hard time during the Second World War.
中国人民在二战中历尽磨难。

melodyhata200

第四章：综合训练
我们有一系列简易行的手势（gesture sign），使你迅速掌握美国英语发音的秘诀，迅速摆脱中国式英语的痕迹。
下面是综合训练，请同学们拿出你的激情和我们一起疯狂的做手势。
72. No pain, no gain.不劳而获。[两次舀水，两次咧嘴]
73. We should keep our promise.我们应该遵守诺言。
74. He should speak more slowly.他应该说的更慢。[长音*短音*长音*卷舌音*舀水]
75. Girls should not stay out late at night.
女孩子晚间外出不可太晚回家。[卷舌音*短音*感叹祖国山水大嘴音*咧嘴音*“啊噢”鬼哭狼嚎大嘴音*咧嘴音**略音*爱的大嘴音]

76. I've really enjoyed talking to you about old time.我很高兴与话旧。
77. You should have gone to see the doctor earlier.你早就该去看医生了。
78. I had a test this morning. I didn't do well on the test because I didn't study for it last night. I should have studied last night.
今天早晨我去考试了。考得不好，因为昨晚我没复习。昨晚我要是复习就好了。
79. We went to the movie, but it was a bad movie. We wasted our time and money. We should not have gone to the movie.
我们去看电影了，但影片很差。我们浪费了时间和金钱。早知道就不去了。

[疯狂语法]“should not + 过去分词”表示“过去应该做但没有做”

80. I have been looking forward to [meeting] you.
我一直希望能认识你。[常考试题。包含两条难语法，一见面就一鸣惊人！]
81. I have been hoping to see you for a long time.我很久以来一直希望见到你。
82. A: What are you planning to do?你打算做些什么？
B: I'm hoping to go to China.我希望去中国。[两次疯狂张嘴，两次疯狂舀水]

第五章：健康减肥

下面和我一起来摸肚子，收小腹，促进健康又减肥！
*city(城市)   *better（更好） *dinner（正餐，晚餐）
*ready(准备好) *busy（忙） *beautiful（美丽的）
*begin(开始) *believe（相信） *black（黑色的）
*civilization（文明） *clever（聪明的） *develop（发展）
*different（不同的） *efficient（有效的） *finish（完成）
*football（橄榄球） *gesture（手势） *headmaster（校长）
*illegal (不合法的) *jump(跳跃) *knowledge(知识)
*lipstick(口红) *medicine(药) *minute(分钟)
*nonsense(胡说八道) *pleasure(愉快) *quality(质量)
*relationship(私人关系) *relax(放松) *something(某事)
*step by step(渐渐的) *terrible(可怕的) *trust(信任)
*understand(理解) *visit(参观访问) *welcome(欢迎)
*a zigzag path(蜿蜒的小径) *yesterday(昨天)
83. Business is business.公事公办/公是公私是私。
84. It is your business to take care of them.照顾他们乃是你的责任。
85. He went into business at the age of ten.他十岁进入商界。
86. He went to Japan on business.他因公去日本。

第六章：绕口令

绕口令（tongue twister）可以帮助大家集中轰炸难点发音，迅速获得发音真谛！
87. She sells sea shells on the shining [光亮的] seashore, and shells she sells on the seashore are seashells [海贝] I am sure.

melodyhata200

sometime、some time、sometimes、some times的区别

sometime、some time、sometimes、some times这些词或词组在初中我们就都接触过了，但是未必所有的英语学习者都能够清楚地进行区分和准确无误地运用。许多人对它们的理解都还很模糊。现在，我们来逐个击破。

sometime
    （1）副词：某个时候。可指过去或将来的某个时候。如：
① Would you come to the cinema with me, sometime? 赏脸找个时间和我看场电影吗？(将来)
    ② We’ll take our holiday sometime in August. 我们会在八月找个时间度假。（将来）
③ I bought this sometime last summer. 这是我在上个夏天买的。（过去）
④ This mansion was built sometime around 1980. 这栋大厦是1980年左右建的。（过去）

（2）形容词：前，过去的。意思类似former。
① This is our sometime general manager.这是我们的前任总经理。
② Our sometime classmate, Rose, is now a pop star. 我们以前的同学罗斯，现在是明星了。

sometimes 副词：有时候。顺便提一下，at times也是“有时”的意思。
① Every man is a fool sometimes, and none at all times. 每个人有时都会犯傻，但没有谁会一直都傻。
② I sometimes have letters from him. 有时我会收到他的来信。

some time 某段时间。常与for连用。
① We plan to stay in Hainan for some time. 我们打算在海南呆上一段时间。
② I will keep the computer for some time, so you can use it.这部电脑我会留着一段时间，你可以用。

some times 几次。several times也可以表示“几次”，但比some times较确定。time作可数名词时可作“次数”解；表示“时间”时是不可数名词。
① I am sure that we have met some times before.我肯定我们之前见过几次了。
② The newly bought microwave oven failed to work some times.新买的微波炉坏了几次了。

melodyhata200

助动词have
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
　　He has left for London.　他已去了伦敦。
　　By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.　
　　上月末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
　 I have been studying English for ten years.
　
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
　 English has been taught in China for many years.
　
中国教英语已经多年。
助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting.　他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2)　be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom..　窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.　世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
　a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
　　 He is to go to New York next week..　他下周要去纽约。
　　 We are to teach the freshpersons.　我们要教新生。
　　说明：
这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
　b. 表示命令，例如：
　　You are to explain this.　对此你要做出解释。
　　He is to come to the office this afternoon.　要他今天下午来办公室。
　c.　征求意见，例如：
　　How am I to answer him?　我该怎样答复他？
　　Who is to go there?　谁该去那儿呢？
　d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
　　We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.　我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

melodyhata200

10. 英语语法大全--主谓一致
主谓一致是指：
1）
语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2）
意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3）
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
　一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。

There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

1. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.

注意：
当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，　连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.

4. 谓语需用单数
1）
代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2）
当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3）
表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语
时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.< BR>

5. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）
在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right.　　　 (一切顺利。)
All are present.　　(所有人都到齐了。)

2）
集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large.　　他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers.　他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.

6. 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1）
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2）
在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel.　许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

melodyhata200

11. 英语语法大全--动词的时态

11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.

3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

比较：
Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.　　　　　

3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed.　
你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.　
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.　 (含义：她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)

注意：
用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.

2）情态动词 could, would.
Cou ld you lend me your bike?

11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.　　
Scarf used to take a walk.　 (过去常常散步)

be used to + doing：
对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

11.4 一般将来时
1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。

c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)　 be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

11.5 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to　表将来
　　　　　　　 will　表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

melodyhata200

11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus i s coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (非will come), ask him to wait for me.

4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?

11.9 现在完成时
　　现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。

11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时
　 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
　 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语

共同的时间状语:　
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　

现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　　　　　　

不确定的时间状语
till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

　 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
　举例：
　 I saw this film yesterday（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　
Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?　强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.　她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.　
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.　
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.　

　
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yes terday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
　
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。

11.12 比较since和for
　　Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.
　　I have lived here since I was born..
　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.　
　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.　
　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　
　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

　　注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
　　 I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现在已不在这里工作。)
　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　
(现在我仍在这里工作。)

　　当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
　　1)　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

　　　 = Tom began to study Russian thre e years ago, and is still studying it now.

　　2)　(错) Harry has got married for six years.
　　　 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
　　显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.

11.13 since的四种用法
　 1) since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。---I have been here since 1989.

　 2) since +一段时间+ ago---I have been here since five months ago.
　

3) since +从句　
　 Great changes have taken place since you left.
　 Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

　 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
　 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

melodyhata200

11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
　　延续动词表示经验、经历；
瞬间动词表示行为的结
果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
　　 I've known him since then.　　
我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

2)　用于till / until从句的差异
　　
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.　　　　　
他一直睡到10点。

11.15 过去完成时
1）
概念：表示过去的过去

----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前　
那时　现在　　　　　　

2）
用法
　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

　b. 状语从句
　　
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)　过去
完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
　 He said that he had learned some English before.
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等……
就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚……
就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

11.16 用一般过去时代替完成时
1)　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3)　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

11.17 将来完成时
　1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
　2) 概念　
　　a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
　　b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
　　　They will have been married for 20 years by then.
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

11.18 现在进行时
　现在进行时的基本用法：
　a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
　　 We are waiting for you.
　b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　 (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
　　 She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

　c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
　　 The leaves are turning red.
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer.

　d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
　　 You are always changing your mind.
11.19 不用进行时的动词
　1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
　　I have two brothers.
　　This house belongs to my sister.

　2) 心理状态的动词

Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
　　I need your help.
　　He loves her very much.

　3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
　　I accept your advice.

　4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
　　You seem a little tired.

melodyhata200

11.20 过去进行时
1）
概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）
过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　
　　 It was raining when they left the station.
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　

11.21 将来进行时
1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
　　　She'll be coming soon.
　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.

2）常用的时间状语
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time， tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
　　 By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

11.22 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。


(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)

11.23 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。

2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

11.24 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,　remember.
　I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
　I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

11.25 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes…
； There goes…
　 Look, here comes Mr. Li.

11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
　　We are leaving soon.　
我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
　　He is dying.

11.27 时态一致
　 1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
　At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
　He told me last week that he is eighteen.

　 2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
　He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

1 1.28 时态与时间状语
一般现在时:　　every …, sometimes,　at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时:　　yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时:　　next…, tomorrow, in+时间,

现在完成时:　　
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时　　before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as

过去进行时:　
this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时:　　
soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening