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英语陷阱He is a bicycle doctor. 他是单车修理工. ------------------------ 此句不能译作:"他是个骑单车的医生",因句中的doctor是委婉语(euphemism),是对某种职业的美称,故不作"医生"解,而是表示repair man的涵义.委婉语起源于远古,维多利来女王时代中期为其鼎盛时期,在现代英语中,其出现频率依然颇高,因为人们通过委婉语,可以用温顺悦耳的词语去谈论或叙述一些原来令人不快或逆耳之事物.为此,他们用domestic help,day help或live-in help代替mail或servant(佣人); 以custodian或superintendent替代doorkeeper,caretaker或janitor(看门人或管理人);用She has a tile loose或She has a cylinder missing去代替She is crazy或Sh is not right in the head(神经失常). 委婉语多如恒河沙数,不胜枚举,在此略举数例,以见一斑: 原 称 委 婉 语 无线电修理工 radio electrician radio doctor 理发师 barber cosmotologist 妓女 whore working girl/ street girl 家庭妇女 housewife household executive 收垃圾工人 garbage collector sanitary engineer 老年 old age second childhood 老人 old people senior citizens 假牙 false teeth dentures 小解 piss urinate/ number one 最后请看几个委婉类例: Nowadays many weight-watchers would like to go to the gym. 如今有不少胖人喜欢到健身房去锻炼. That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing. 那个好色之徒现在开始喜欢肚皮舞. They are the culturally deprived. 他们是没有学识的人. A libray of teaching materials for preventing teenage suicides will open for educators in Hong Kong this year. 今年香港将为教师开设一家图书馆以提供防止青少年自杀的教学资料. 值得注意的是,委婉语虽然是"古已有之,于今为烈",但决不能用得过多过滥.使用时要考虑场合和对象,如用得不得体,反而会使你"欲礼而不达",甚至令人不知所云,一头雾水. You can find doctors and doctors in HongKong! 在香港,既有好医生,也有坏医生。 这一句不能译作:“在香港,你能看到很多很多的医生”。 英语和汉语一佯,词的重复(repetition)是一种修辞手段。一般说来,它表达强调语势,突出语义,以收到音调和谐、生动有力的修辞效果。例如: Gentlemen may cry,Peace,Peace - but there is no peace. 老爷们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。(from Patrick Henry's Speech Before the Virginia Convention of 1775 )Scrooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over. 斯克罗奇又上床睡觉,左思右想,想个不休。 但是,在某些场合下,将某些词重复,并不是要收到突出语义的效果,而是为了表示“不同类型”的涵义。例如You will find doctors and doctors in Hong Kong.的语义就相当于You can find bad doctors as well as good doctors in Hong Kong. 该句的语义重点放在“也有坏医生”上。 下面是两个类例:There are artists and artists. 既有好的艺术家,也有坏的艺术家。You should know that there are books and books。你们要知道,书有好坏之分,既有好书,也有坏书。 这里要指出,当一个名词不止重复一次时,它是表示“大量的”、“许多的”涵义。例如有那么一个句子:There were rats and rats and rats all over the house. 当然不能把它译为:“以前这幢房子里有各种各样的老鼠”。更不能把它译作:“以前这幢房子里既有坏老鼠,也有好老鼠”。正确的译法是:“从前这幢房子里到处都是老鼠”。 还要在此补充一句,如果名词性短语用作状语重复一次,并不是表示“不同类型”的涵义,而是要收到加强语气、突出语义的效果。例如Charles Dickens写的Oliver Twist里有这么一句:"Aye, it is!" returned the girl. "It is my living; and the cold, wet, dirty streets are my home; and you're the wretch that drove me to them long ago, and that'll keep me there, asy and night, day and night, till I die!" Nancy在怒骂Jew拖人下水,害人不浅的时候,就是通过名词性短语day and night的重复来加强语势的,它所表达的涵义是:“夜以继日,日以继夜,天天如此。” You can find doctors and doctors in HongKong! 在香港,既有好医生,也有坏医生。 这一句不能译作:“在香港,你能看到很多很多的医生”。 英语和汉语一佯,词的重复(repetition)是一种修辞手段。一般说来,它表达强调语势,突出语义,以收到音调和谐、生动有力的修辞效果。例如: Gentlemen may cry,Peace,Peace - but there is no peace. 老爷们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。(from Patrick Henry's Speech Before the Virginia Convention of 1775 )Scrooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over. 斯克罗奇又上床睡觉,左思右想,想个不休。 但是,在某些场合下,将某些词重复,并不是要收到突出语义的效果,而是为了表示“不同类型”的涵义。例如You will find doctors and doctors in Hong Kong.的语义就相当于You can find bad doctors as well as good doctors in Hong Kong. 该句的语义重点放在“也有坏医生”上。 下面是两个类例:There are artists and artists. 既有好的艺术家,也有坏的艺术家。You should know that there are books and books。你们要知道,书有好坏之分,既有好书,也有坏书。 这里要指出,当一个名词不止重复一次时,它是表示“大量的”、“许多的”涵义。例如有那么一个句子:There were rats and rats and rats all over the house. 当然不能把它译为:“以前这幢房子里有各种各样的老鼠”。更不能把它译作:“以前这幢房子里既有坏老鼠,也有好老鼠”。正确的译法是:“从前这幢房子里到处都是老鼠”。 还要在此补充一句,如果名词性短语用作状语重复一次,并不是表示“不同类型”的涵义,而是要收到加强语气、突出语义的效果。例如Charles Dickens写的Oliver Twist里有这么一句:"Aye, it is!" returned the girl. "It is my living; and the cold, wet, dirty streets are my home; and you're the wretch that drove me to them long ago, and that'll keep me there, asy and night, day and night, till I die!" Nancy在怒骂Jew拖人下水,害人不浅的时候,就是通过名词性短语day and night的重复来加强语势的,它所表达的涵义是:“夜以继日,日以继夜,天天如此。” You can find doctors and doctors in HongKong! 在香港,既有好医生,也有坏医生。 这一句不能译作:“在香港,你能看到很多很多的医生”。 英语和汉语一佯,词的重复(repetition)是一种修辞手段。一般说来,它表达强调语势,突出语义,以收到音调和谐、生动有力的修辞效果。例如: Gentlemen may cry,Peace,Peace - but there is no peace. 老爷们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。(from Patrick Henry's Speech Before the Virginia Convention of 1775 )Scrooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over. 斯克罗奇又上床睡觉,左思右想,想个不休。 但是,在某些场合下,将某些词重复,并不是要收到突出语义的效果,而是为了表示“不同类型”的涵义。例如You will find doctors and doctors in Hong Kong.的语义就相当于You can find bad doctors as well as good doctors in Hong Kong. 该句的语义重点放在“也有坏医生”上。 下面是两个类例:There are artists and artists. 既有好的艺术家,也有坏的艺术家。You should know that there are books and books。你们要知道,书有好坏之分,既有好书,也有坏书。 这里要指出,当一个名词不止重复一次时,它是表示“大量的”、“许多的”涵义。例如有那么一个句子:There were rats and rats and rats all over the house. 当然不能把它译为:“以前这幢房子里有各种各样的老鼠”。更不能把它译作:“以前这幢房子里既有坏老鼠,也有好老鼠”。正确的译法是:“从前这幢房子里到处都是老鼠”。 还要在此补充一句,如果名词性短语用作状语重复一次,并不是表示“不同类型”的涵义,而是要收到加强语气、突出语义的效果。例如Charles Dickens写的Oliver Twist里有这么一句:"Aye, it is!" returned the girl. "It is my living; and the cold, wet, dirty streets are my home; and you're the wretch that drove me to them long ago, and that'll keep me there, asy and night, day and night, till I die!" Nancy在怒骂Jew拖人下水,害人不浅的时候,就是通过名词性短语day and night的重复来加强语势的,它所表达的涵义是:“夜以继日,日以继夜,天天如此。” ★ They do not advocate pragmatism. 他们不主张实事求是。 此句不能译作:“他们不搞实用主义”,如要表达此意,可说:They will not base their policies on expediency. 在现代英语中,有一批数量相当可观的词语,它们宛如“时髦服装”一样,人们在社会交际时争相使用,因而被称之为“时髦词”(vogue words)。有时候,因为用得太多太滥,造成了误用或误解。例如,pragmatism原为哲学用语,是“实用主义”之意,后来,人们把这个词用作“实事求是”的意思,相当于matter-of-factness。又如I feel guiliy并不是“我感到有罪”,而是“我感到过意不去”。How goes the enemy?不是“敌人怎样了?”而是“现在几点钟啦?”guilty和enemy在这里也是“时髦词”。 下面请看几个类例:It is technically legal. 它看来合法,其实不然。 (technically不作“从技术的角度看”解,而是表示“从表面看”之义,相当于outwardly或superficially)Hopefully,we will get to the show on time. 运气好的话,我们可以赶上开演。Their opposition put him on the spot. 他们的反对使他陷于困境。I have no use for films like that. 我不喜欢那样的电影。My mother had a time trying to get my younger sister to bed. 我妈妈花了好大的劲才把妹妹哄到床上去睡觉。Our delegation is made up of twenty people from a wide spectrum of professions. 我们的代表团由各种不同职业的二十名成员组成。 在现代英语中,有些“时髦词”昙花一现就夭折了,但亦有一些词语,由于符合人们交往和表达的需要而具有旺盛的生命力,现已被收录在各类词典中。常见的“时髦词”有:abrasive,aspect,background,balance,calibre,catalyst,capacity,complex,compound,escalate,expertice,facility,field,function,input,interface, involvement,level,marginal,optimiscally,parameter,pattern,pragmatic,psychological,realistic,reasonable,scenario,spectrum等。遇到这些词,我们往往需要根据上下文才能猜出其义。 现在请读者想一下reasonable,input和calibre在下列三个句子中的涵义:We will arrive home at a reasonable hour. They need your input. A lot of educators in Hong Kong have warned of a decline in the calibre of students entering the Colleges of Education. |
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