此句不能译作:“他是个骑单车的医生”,因句中的doctor是委婉语(euphemism),是对某种职业的美称,故不作“医生”解,而是表示repair man的涵义。委婉语起源于远古,维多利来女王时代中期为其鼎盛时期,在现代英语中,其出现频率依然颇高,因为人们通过委婉语,可以用温顺悦耳的词语去谈论或叙述一些原来令人不快或逆耳之事物。为此,他们用domestic help、day help或live-in help代替mail或servant(佣人);以custodian或superintendent替代doorkeeper、caretaker或janitor(看门人或管理人);用She has a tile loose或She has a cylinder missing去代替She is crazy或Sh is not right in the head(神经失常)。
委婉语多如恒河沙数,不胜枚举,在此略举数例,以见一斑:
原 称 委 婉 语
无线电修理工 radio electrician radio doctor
理发师 barber cosmotologist
妓女 whore working girl/ street girl
家庭妇女 housewife household executive
收垃圾工人 garbage collector sanitary engineer
老年 old age second childhood
老人 old people senior citizens
假牙 false teeth dentures
小解 piss urinate/ number one
最后请看几个委婉类例:
Nowadays many weight-watchers would like to go to the gym.
如今有不少胖人喜欢到健身房去锻炼。
That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing.
那个好色之徒现在开始喜欢肚皮舞。
They are the culturally deprived.
他们是没有学识的人。
A libray of teaching materials for preventing teenage suicides will open for educators in Hong Kong this year.
★ They have gone to Macau.
他们到澳门去了。
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此句的言外之意是:“现在他们人已不在这里,到澳门去了。可能他们已到达澳门,也可能还在途中。”初学英语的人,容易把这个句子和They have been to Macau. 以及They have been in Macau. 混淆不清。前一句的涵义是“他们最近期间曾到过澳门,但现在人已回到香港”,因此,可以把它译作“他们最近去了一趟澳门”;后一句的涵义是“他们过去曾到过澳门,因而他们知道澳门是一个怎样的城市”,此句强调的是“经验”,故可译作:“他们到过澳门”。
由此可见,have gone to,have been to 和have been in 尽管意义相近,又都是现在完成时,但意义却各有不同。第一句着重说明的是“人已离开原地,到某地去了”;第二句着重强调的是“往返的动作”;第三句着重说明的是“经验”。
再请看下面三个类例:
He has gone to Singapore.
他到新加坡去了。
He has been to Singapore.
最近他去了一趟新加坡。
He has been in Singapore.
他去过新加坡。
通过上述例句的对比,我们可以知道: “今天早上他去看牙科医生了”的正确译文应该是:
He has been to the dentist this morning.
或: He went to the dentist this morning.
但不可以说: He has been in (or has gone to) the dentist this morning.
要注意的是,当have gone to 的主语不是第三人称,而是第一或第二人称时,have gone to 也可以表示“到过…(现已回来)”的涵义。
例:
I have gone to the dentist to extract the bad tooth.
我已到牙科医生那里把坏牙拔掉了。
这里的space walked相当于walked in space。这种用法在现代英美报刊和科技杂志上是经常见到的。
又如:
The three astronauts blasted off into outer space on one of the most exciting adventures in history. They landed on the moon and explored it. Two of the astronauts left their spaceship in a lunar landing craft and moon walked a couple of hours.
这里的moon walked 相当于walked on the moon。
在现代英语科技文章中,有一种类似于to be photocell controlled的语言现象也是值得我们注意的,即一种用“名词+过去分词”作定语的结构,该名词表示过去分词的动作主体或工具。例如: