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标题: 自学英语-语法篇 [打印本页]
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-9 23:53
标题: 自学英语-语法篇
1.常见标点符号的用法
句号 Period [.]
用以表示一个句子的结束
Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.
The federal government is based in Ottawa.
用在缩写中
B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.
The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.
问号 Question Mark [?]
在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句：
How many provinces are there in Canada?
注意：在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号：
The teacher asked the class a question.
Do not ask me why.
叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]
在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪：
We won the Stanley Cup!
The forest is on fire!
逗号 Comma [,]
句子中的停顿
Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.
在疑问句中引出说话人：
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
排列三个或以上的名词：
Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.
引出定语从句
Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.
单引号 Apostrophe [']
表示所有
This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)
Note: 对于复数形式的名词，只加'
These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)
缩写I don't know how to fix it.
引号Quotation Marks ["]
直接引出某人说的话：
The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
冒号Colon [:]
引出一系列名词
There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.
引出一个较长的引语
The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."
分号Semicolon [;]
将两个相关的句子连接起来
The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.
和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词
The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.
破折号Dash [-]
在一个句子前作总结
Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.
在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释
The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.
表示某人在说话过程中被打断
The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.
连字符Hyphen [-]
连接两个单词
sweet-smelling
fire-resistant
将前缀
anti-Canadian
non-contact
在数字中使用
one-quarter
twenty-three
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 00:09
标题: 2. 英语动词时态、语态考点误用剖析
2.英语动词时态、语态考点误用剖析
1. 对不起，我没看见你在这儿。
[误] Sorry, I don’t see you here.
[正] Sorry, I didn’t see you here.
[析] 根据语境，本句是指刚才没看见对方在这，而不是现在没看见对方在这，所以要用一般过去时。
2. 你能告诉我北京冬天是否下雪吗？
[误] Could you tell me if it snowed in winter in Beijing?
[正] Could you tell me if it snows in winter in Beijing?
[析] 一般现在时除表示经常性的动作外，还可表示习惯性的动作，即现阶段的一个事实，句中不需要任何经常性的时间状语配合。could表示一种客气的语气，不表示过去时态。
3. 他说他第二天要去合肥出差。
[误] He said he will go to Hefei on business the next day.
[正] He said he would go to Hefei on business the next day.
[析] 主句谓语动词为过去时，宾语从句表示过去的将来要发生的动作，要用过去将来时。
4. 我忘了把你的伞带来了。
[误] I forget to bring your umbrella with me.
[正] I forgot to bring your umbrella with me.
[析] 不用forget，而用forgot，因为现在已经记起来了，forgot是说话这一时刻之前的动作。由于受汉语思维习惯的影响，动词时态观念不强，误把一般现在时当作一般过去时。
5. 他父亲离开祖国已经50年了。
[误] His father has left his homeland for fifty years.
[正] His father has been away from his homeland for fifty years.
[析] 短暂性动词的完成时(肯定式)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，要么改为表示状态的动词，要么用下列句式来表达(以此句为例)：
His father left his homeland fifty years ago.
It is fifty years since his father left his homeland.
It has been fifty years since his father left his homeland.
Fifty years have passed since his father left his homeland.
6. "你去过北京吗？""是的，我去过。"
[误] "Have you gone to Beijing?""Yes, I have gone there."
[正] "Have you been to Beijing?""Yes, I have been there."
[析] Have you gone to Beijing?是"你已经到北京了吗？"，指目前人已在北京或在赴北京的途中。说话的时候，显然你已不在北京了，所以说用在这儿不恰当。表示"过去曾去过某处而现在又回来了"须用have been。
7. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去参观美术展览。
[误] We shall see an exhibition of pain-tings if it won"t rain tomorrow.
[正] We shall see an exhibition of pain-tings if it doesn"t rain tomorrow.
[析] 在时间状语从句中，从句要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
8. 在过去几年中，我们家乡发生了巨大的变化。
[误] There were great changes in our home-town in the past few years.
[正] There have been great changes in our hometown in the past few years.
[析] "In / During the past / last + 复数名词"是完成时态的标志之一，不要被past / last所迷惑，而用了过去时。
9. 我不知道那艘船明天是否会准点到。
[误] I wonder if the ship arrives on time tomorrow.
[正] I wonder if the ship will arrive on time tomorrow.
[析] 这里if连接的宾语从句，表示"是否"(=whether)，而不是条件状语从句，表示"如果"。因此根据句意仍需用一般将来时。
10. 自从1978年以来我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
[误] Great changes have been taken place in our hometown since 1978.
[正] Great changes have taken place in our hometown since 1978.
[析] take place和happen都是不及物动词或短语，不能用于被动语态。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 00:13
标题: 接上
11. 那个村也叫国际会议村。
[误] The village also called the International Meeting Village.
[正] The village is also called the International Meeting Village.
[析] 英语被动语态是由"be + 动词的过去分词"构成，因此在also前应加is。
12. 我们学校也教俄语。
[误] Our school also teaches Russian.
[正] Russian is also taught in our school.
[析] 当动作的执行者没有必要指明或为大家所知时，通常用被动语态。显然our school不是teach的执行者，而应该是没有表示出来的teachers，因此，要把动作的承受者Russian用作主语，用被动语态来表达。
13. 我们都认识那位科学家。
[误] The scientist is known by us all.
[正] The scientist is known to us all.
[析] by表示动作执行者。而表示范围、地点等用法时，要用介词to或in。
14. 孩子们陆续地走进了博物馆。
[误] The museum was entered by the children one by one.
[正] The children entered the museum one by one.
[析] 某些及物动词，如leave, enter, reach, join等后接表示地点、处所、组织名称的名词作宾语时，不能转换为被动语态。
15. 他在会上向我们作了自我介绍。
[误] Himself was introduced to us at the meeting by him.
[正] He introduced himself to us at the meeting.
[析] 反身代词作宾语时，不能转换成被动语态。
16. 这本杂志在这儿很畅销。
[误] This magazine is sold well here.
[正] This magazine sells well here.
[析] 有些动词，如：act, add, brush, burn, clean, cook, count, cut, draw, drive, keep, lock, look, open, read, sell, smoke, strike, wash, wear, write等，其主动形式在一些具体场合表示被动意义。这类句子的特点是：主语往往是"物"而不是"人"。另外，后面往往带有well这一类副词，或者修饰主语的形容词.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 00:23
3. 名词的主谓一致性
(1)1. A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用单数形式
A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat.
The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.
2. And连接几个单数主语，主语由each、 every、 no、 many a等词修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数
Each boy and each girl is invited.
Every boy and girl is invited.
No boy and no girl is there now.
3. A、B为两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数
A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.
Bread and butter is nutritious.
4. 由or, not only… but also …, either… or …, neither… nor …连接主语时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致 （注意，叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同）
Either you or I am mad.
Neither you nor he is naughty.
Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.
5. 当主语后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like, including, as well as, rather than等词的时候，谓语动词不受词组的影响，仅和主语保持一致
All but one were here just now.
A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.
(2). 单一主语的情况
1. 以复数形式结尾的统称名词作主语时，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means, works, 等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式, 当然，若表示复数的意思则另当别论
Physics is very important.
Every means has been tried.
2.当由至少两个部分组成的工具的名称，或者衣服的名称等作主语时，例如trousers/pants, shoes, glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，谓语用复数形式；如果这些词由Pair(suit, piece, series,kind)+ of修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数
My trousers are white and his clothes are black.
A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.
但是在these/those pairs (…) of + 复数名词之后，谓语动词则用复数形式
These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.
(3) 动名词，不定式，从句作主语的时候，谓语动词一般要用单数
To see is to believe.
Swimming is a good way to keep health.
Who is her father is not known.
(4) 集体名词作主语时
a) mankind/humanity/man（人类）作主语的时候，谓语动词一般用单数形式
Only man knows how to cook.
b) 由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语的时候，谓语动词用复数形式
The cattle are grazing in the field.
c) Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语的时候
i. 若当整体看，则谓语动词用单数形式
Our class is very diligent.
ii. 若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式
When I came into the room, his family were watching TV.
iii. A family/group/class作主语时，谓语动词用单数
families/groups/classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数
A group is coming to the zoo.
(5). 其他情况
a) 主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候，谓语动词用单数形式 ---3 kilometers is not very far.
Three times three makes nine.
b) one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 复数名词
谓语动词一般用单数形式，因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语，of前面的one, every one … 才是主语 .
Neither of them is right.
Each of them has a slide.
c) none of + 不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式
none of + 可数名词 ——谓语动词单复均可
None of that money in the desk is his.
None of his classmates knows the truth.
d) 分数或百分数 + of + 词组
分数或百分数+ of +词组作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数；若名词或代词是复数，谓语动词用复数，若名词或代词是单数，则谓语动词用单数
Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea.
Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day.
e) more than one +(单数名词)+单数动词
more than two +(复数名词)+复数动词
More than one white rose has bloomed.
More than two white roses have bloomed.
f) a (great) number of + 复数名词 ——用复数动词
the number of + 任何名词 —— 用单数动词
A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.
The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.
g) the + 形容词，表示一类人 ——谓语动词用复数
the + 形容词，表示一类物 ——谓语动词用单数
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
The beauty is here.
h) every, any, some, no 构成的复合词someone, somebody, something ，no one, nobody, nothing everyone, everybody, everything anyone, anybody, anything这些复合词作主语的时候，谓语动词用单数形式
Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.
Listen, someone is knocking at the door.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 00:37
4. 英语语法难点精析
【语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】
定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。
一般说来，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种：
①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。
如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。
乍一看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面，似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”不对啊，天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来，修饰中心词stars。
②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。
如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后
如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。
【语法难点精析之besides ,but, except, except for, excepting, apart from的区别】
（１） besides与except
前者表示＂除．．．以外，还有．．．＂；后者表示＂从整体中除去．．．＂
这个大家都知道，就不举例子了．
（２）except与except for
a．除去的和非除去的是同类事物，用except
e.g.: All the essays are well written except Nelson’s.
Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同类事物，所以用except．
b．除去的和非除去的不是同类事物，用except for，并且从语气上通常表示遗憾．
e.g.：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
a few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同类的事物．
（３）apart from 具有多重意义：
既可表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思
e.g.：
Apart from the cost, it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
He has done good work, apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知．（＝without）
（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等词之后
e.g.:
Excepting his brother, they are all right.
Everyone, not excepting myself, must share the blame.
All of us, without excepting those who know more about the subject, should study.
All my brothers com here every day, always excepting the youngest.
（５）but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything，anywhere，nobody等词以后及all，none之后
e.g.：
The children go to school every day but Sunday.
They are all gone but me.
You can get the book anywhere but here.
There is no one but me.
Who but George would do such a thing?
【too...to 结构表示肯定含义的情况】
我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能"
e.g.: He is too old to work.
但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:
⑴
too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.
e.g.: English is not too difficult to learn.
英语并不太难学.
He is too wise not to see that.
他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.
(2)当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,
early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时.
e.g.: They are too anxious to leave.
他们急于离开.
He is too ready to help others.
他总是乐于助人.
与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.
e.g.: I’m only too glad to see you .
见到你非常高兴.
They are but too pleased to hear the news.
他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.
⑵
cannot连用时.
e.g.: You cannot be too careful (=you can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).
⑶
不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.
e.g.: There are too many problems to be solved.
有很多问题有待解决.
It is too much to say that he is a fool.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 00:43
标题: 接上
【语法难点精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
⑴
"every other+单数名词”
意思是“每隔一…”
如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵树
⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”
意思是“每隔。。。”（较英语数词少一个）
如：every three days=every third day 每隔两天（或者译为每三天）
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者译为每两天）
⑵
every few+复数名词”
意思是“每隔几…”
如：every few days（每隔几天）
【语法难点精析之alive、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴ lively 有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定语或标语；但它没有“活着的”意思，而其他三个都有。
如：
Young children are usually lively.
小孩子们通常是活泼的。
He told a very lively story.
他讲了一个生动的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。
如：
This is a live (=living) fish. (=This is a fish alive.)
这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用）
Who’s the greatest man alive (=living man)?
谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive (=living)
那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。
⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等）解时，要用living。
如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living）
那位敌方军官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living）
He is the living image of his father.(比喻义，不用alive）
他活像他父亲。
⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”，作主语时，视作复数。
如：
The living are more important to us than the dead.
活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。
【语法难点精析之用to do还是of doing作后置定语】
不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了携家去国外的决定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsibility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定语.
如:
In fact, there is no hope of their winning the game.
事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity, ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用of doing短语作后置定语.
如:
Their chance to go(of going) abroad was lost.
他们失去了出国的机会.
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有权那样做.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 00:54
5.非谓语动词
主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、
表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。
一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式
凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。
若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,
若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 00:59
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装
ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿
wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习 vow起
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找，寻觅 try试图
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:03
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告 compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤
command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受
dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想
enjoy享有，喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒 can’t help不禁 delay延迟
escape逃跑，逃避 can’t stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算 miss错过
resent怨恨 finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止
forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止
save营救，储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受 loathe非常讨厌
recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:04
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建议（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:06
4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1）不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：
ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动
ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求
campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望
courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因
decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光
determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，
tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave．
他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。
3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:07
5．不定式和分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully，you"ll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:11
6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构
（1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
I don’t know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）
（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不带to的不定式
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：
feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。
（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：
It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词’s+动名词。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。
It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:13
7．非谓语动词中的有关句型
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”)
There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)
There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。
6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing
have作有解时，后接情感名词(in可省略)，再接动名词。这类词还有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.
例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我们执行计划有困难。
7)feel like + 名词
感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to +原形动词
I feel like a newborn baby．我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?
I don"t feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想读书。
8) spend/waste time doing sth.
They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他们花了许多时间作准备。
9)在require后只能用动名词，不能用不定式，尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动形式。
This problem requires studying with great care．这个问题需要仔细研究。
10）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）
I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.
(2)有关分词句型
1)在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。例如：
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。
I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他们排演戏。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。
2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述(1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如：
I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she"ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。
We found him waiting to receive us．我们发现他正等着接待我们。
3)go +现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。
I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露营。
I’ll go shopping．我去商店。
Would you like to go skating with me? 你想和我去溜冰吗?
4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…
I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。
His assistant is busy(in) correcting papers．他的助教忙于批阅考卷。
或者be busy with + n.忙着做某事。
He is busy with his work．他忙着工作。
5)What do you say to + ing分词?(……怎么样?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样?
（3）有关动词不定式句型
下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。
can not help but do, cannot but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:14
(4)there be的非谓语形式
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams．
1)作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don"t want there to be any comrades lagging behind，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。
We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我们并不反对在这里开会。
It isn"t enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim"s car out quite safely．(作状语)
2)作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词之后，for用there to be整个介词短语作程度状语，其它多半用there being。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)
There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry．因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)
3)作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be。
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young．老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers．幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。
4)作定语。 There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be，there之前的关系代词常常省略。如：
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking．这是到南京的最快一班车。
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people．我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:28
6. 句子的种类：依照句子的内容意义的分类
（1）陈述句（Declarative Sentence）
定义
就事物依照其实在情形陈述的句子叫做陈述句。
本节A单元所讨论的肯定句和否定句皆为陈述句。陈述句的句末必须使用句号（Full Stop）“．”，以示句子的陈述结束。
（2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）
定义
表达疑问（亦即发问）或请求的句子叫做疑问句。
例：Is he a friend of your brother's?
（他是你哥哥的朋友吗？——发问）
例：Can you do this for me?
（你能替我做这件事吗？——请求）
疑问句的句末必须使用问号（Question mark）“？”来标示问句的结束。
疑问句可再分为一般疑问（General question）和特殊疑问（Special question）两种。（Yes-no questions）
（a）一般疑问：用be或助动词置于句首，并以“Yes，…”，或“No，…”回答的问句称为一般疑问（也称Yes-no questions）。
①be 或 have（有）置于句首来表达疑问：
例：Am I wrong again?（我又错了？）
Yes, you are （wrong again）.（是的，你又错了。）
No, you aren't.（不，你没错。）
例：Have you money with you?
（=Do you have money with you?——美语）（你身上带钱了吗？）
Yes, I have.（Yes, I do.——美语）（有，我带钱了。）
No, I have no money with me.（No, I don't.——美语）（没有，我没带钱。）
②助动词置于句首来表达疑问：
例：Shall I call a taxi for you ?（需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗？）
Yes, please. Thank you.（好的，谢谢你。）
（No, thank you.）（不必了，谢谢你。）
③一般动词则使用“do”来表达疑问：
例：Do you speak Japanese?（你会说日语吗？）
Yes, I do.（是的，我会说。）
No, I don't.（不，我不会说。）
注：依循否定疑问要表达否定答案时，中文的习惯是“是的，……不……（或没有……）”，但是英语应为“No，
…not.”，不可如中文说成“Yes，…not.”。
（b）特殊疑问（Wh-questions）：使用疑问词（what，who，which，how，why，when，where，etc.）发问，不能用“Yes，…”或“No，…”回答的问句叫做特殊疑问句（也称Wh-questions）。
例：What is that in your hand?（你手里拿的是什么？）
It's a brooch, a present from my elder brother.（是胸针，是我哥哥送我的礼物。）
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:30
（3）祈使句（Imperative Sentence）
定义
用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。
祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用句号来表示结束。
Go and wash your hands.（去洗你的手。——命令）
Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.）（请安静。——请求）
Be kind to our sister.（对姊妹要和善。——劝告）
Watch your steps.（走路小心。——警告）
Look out！Danger！（小心！危险！——强烈警告，已如感叹句）
Keep off the grass.（勿践草坪。——禁止）
No parking.（禁止停车。——禁止）
解说祈使句的否定通常使用“Don't …”，例如：
Don't let the dog in.（不要让那只狗进来。）
Don't touch, please.（请不要用手触摸。）
祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来，使对方听起来觉得柔和些，例如：
You go and tell him, Chris.（克立斯你去告诉他。）
（4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）
定义表达强烈情绪（喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐等）的句子叫做感叹句。
强烈情绪的表达通常有下列三种方式。
（a）使用感叹词（请参考第三章，构词法与词类——词类，H）
（b）只用情绪感觉的语词，例如：Water! Water! Quick!（水！水！快！——如救火或救人时。）
（c）使用“How…!”或“What（a）…!”的句式，例如：
How beautiful you are, Helen!（海伦，您是多么地美！）
What a beautiful flower it is!（这一朵花多么地美！）
本句式的主语动词也可以省去以突显情绪的强烈感，例如：
How cruel/（they are）!（真是惨绝人寰！——如听到绑票的撕票案等。）
How beautiful （these flowers are ）!
（d）使用简短的陈述句配合音调也可以表达感叹，例如：
You are kidding!（你在开玩笑！——表示惊讶）
I hate you!（我恨你！——表示愤怒或绝望）
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:33
7. 英语语法顺口溜
（1）谓语be的用法
我用am，你用are除此之外的单数,包括他她还有它,统统都是用is
我们你们和他们,只要复数都用are
（2)一般疑问句和否定句的变化
一般问句并不难，谓语调到主语前。大写小写有变化，句末要把问号加。
第一人称常变二。否定句就更简单，中间加上一not，谓语动词提到前。
（3)现在进行时很好记，
结构be＋动词ing。be由主语来决定，句中常用标志词，now，look，listen！
（4)一般现在时，
肯定句的现在式。不是三单用原形，是三单就加s，es，
若是否定疑问句，没有be就加个do，碰到三单加does。
如把does加在前，动词就要还原形。
（5)一般过去时，
肯定句的过去式。规则动词加ed，不规则的必须记。
否定形式疑问句，没有be加did。如把did加在前，动词也要还原形。
（6)特殊的形容词、副词的比较级、最高级
一分为二有两个，一是远来一是老。合二为一共三对，
坏病两多并两好。还有一词双意含，只译少来不译小。
（7)比较等级的运用
原级用在as…as间，比较级用在than前。and连接两个比较级，
说明“越来越怎样”。三者以上最高级，副词前可不加the。
still，even，和much，比较级前“更怎样”。还有alot和alittle，也常修饰比较级。
（8）宾语从句
宾语从句三要素，引导词、语序、时态。引导词分三情况，陈述句that可省略。
一般疑问句if或whether。碰到特殊疑问句，疑问词来担此任。语序总体为主谓。
疑问词从句主语，语序不必去改变。
从句时态主句定，如果主句是过去，从句相应作改变，客观真理仍现在。
（9)被动语态牢记一点，be加动词过去分词。分析句中主和谓，
承受者作主语即被动。短语动词不可忘介、副词。另有不及物动词，
只有主动无被动。还要注意其时态，与主动语态全相同。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:37
8. 介词用法口决
早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。
有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。
介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，
收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。
特定时日和"一……就"，on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类know to man。
this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。
over、under正上下，above、below则不然，
若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。’
beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。
besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。
同类比较except，加for异类记心间。
原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。
before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。
since以来during间，since时态多变换。
与之相比beside，除了last but one。
复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在......方面，有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:42
第一章：五大发音要点！
我们将复杂的（complicated）语音规则总结成五大发音要点，使一般人都能掌握（master）。
它们是：长元音和双元音饱满；短元音急促有力；连音；略音和咬舌头。
一、长元音和双元音饱满
鬼鬼祟祟的英文就是鬼鬼祟祟（sneaky; lousy）的元音造成的！只要把元音发饱满（full; plump）,你的英语立刻会变得悦耳动听。那些英美流行歌手就是元音饱满的典范！
1. Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night.
麦克喜欢在夜晚明亮的灯光旁写作。［八次疯狂张嘴，元音极其饱满！］
2. Macao came back to China in 1999.
澳门于1999年回归祖国。
3. I like the shape of that mountain.
我喜欢那座山的样子。
［包含了四个容易混淆的元音：形容山水最恰当！］
二、短元音急促有力
4. Jim must study a little bit more.
杰姆必须再多一下一点功夫。
5. Let's get together again.
让我们找一天再聚一聚。
三、连音
6. I'm working on-it.
我正在努力。［美国总统常用］
7. I'll think-it-over.
我会仔细考虑的。
四、略音
第一条规则：以某音结尾的单词+同音开始的单词--只发一次即可！
8. You ate-too much.
你吃得太多了。
9. I don't know what-to-do.
我不知道该做些什么。［两个辅音连接，只读后一个］
第二条规则：以［t］，［d］，［k］，［g］，［p］和［b］+以辅音开始的单词
前面的发音“点到为止”，舌头达到发音中位，但不送气！
10. Lend-me your black-bag.把你的黑包借给我。
11. I don't-like-people asking me for money.我不喜欢别人问我要钱。
12. Do you want-that-magazine?你要那本杂志吗？
13. Do you need-that-pencil?你需要那只铅笔吗？
14. Ask-Bob-to sit-behind-me.让鲍勃坐在我后面。
15. Would you mind-giving me that-red-book? 你把那本红皮书给我，好吗？
五、咬舌头
16. There are thirty-three thousand three hundred and thirty-three feathers［羽毛］on that bird's throat.在那个鸟的颈部有三万三前三百三是三根羽毛。
17. Neither father nor mother likes this weather.
18. It's the same thing.都一样！
19. Something is better than nothing.有总比没有好！
20. Father and mother went through thick and thin.
不管是顺境还是逆境，父母总是同甘共苦。[同甘苦，共患难]
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:48
第二章：地道美国味速成
最能体现“美国味”的发音都集中在下面的句子中。其实做到很容易，只要你在练习的时候，尽量夸张（overdo, exaggerate）你的发音和口型，尽量放纵，尽量发泄，尽量慢，尽量拉长你的元音，并一口气读完整个句子。
第一、
我们来看[A]，俗称“疯狂90度咧嘴”音。
21. That black lad［年轻人；少年］was very sad because his dad had died in a bad accident in the factory.［九个“疯狂90度咧嘴”音］
那个黑人少年极为忧伤，因为他爸爸在工厂的一起严重意外事故中丧身了。
22. You shouldn't have done that.
你不应该做那件事的［实际上你做了］。
大家一起来数一数，看看下面的对话中出现了多少个（疯狂90度咧嘴音）
23. A: What's the［matter］, Alice? You look so［unhappy］.
爱丽丝，你怎么了？看来你很不高兴。
B: I［had］a［bad］day yesterday.我昨天倒霉了。
A: What［happened］?出什么事了？
B: I went shopping［and］lost my［bag］.我昨天去买东西，把包给丢了。
A: Your［bag］? Did you get it［back］?你把包丢了?找回来没有?
B: I went ［back］for it. But it was already gone.
我回去找了，包已经丢了。
A: ［That's］too ［bad］. I'm sorry to hear ［that］.
真不走运，事真叫人遗憾。
［答案］一共出现了13次“疯狂90度咧嘴”音,可以充分练习国际肌肉!设法尽早把你的中国肌肉变成国际肌肉( turn your Chinese muscle into international muscle ).
第二、我们来看[i:]，俗称穿针引线。
24. Do you see the key on the seat?
你看见座位上的钥匙了吗？三次穿针引线，也就是三次长元音[i:]。
第三、[Bi]，俗称爱的大嘴音。
25. It's inside my mouth.在我的嘴里。
26. Would you mind * a little less noise?请您轻点儿，好吗？
27. How nice of you to do that?你这样做真是太好了！
28. He speaks very highly of you. 他对你赞不绝口。
29. I'd drive five miles on Friday night to see a fight that I like.
星期五晚上我要驱车五英里去观看我喜欢的拳击赛。
第四、下面是一个，典型的美国特有的大嘴发音[B]。元音字母O在重读闭音节中，美音和英音有不同的发音。这是英美发音重大差别之一。这个音我们俗称为“啊，祖国的大好河山”疯狂感叹音。
30. Do what you want.你想做的。
31. Where is the［watch］I put in my［pocket］to take to the
［shop］because it had［stopped］.
因为停止了走动而放在我的口袋里要拿到店里去修的那块表在什么地方？
32. I was［sorry］to hear your had news.听到你的坏消息我很难过。
33. Do you often［watch］television?你经常看电视吗？
34. I'll［watch］the baby while you're away.你们不在时我来照看孩子。
35. I know［what］you mean.我明白你的意思。
36. Try to finish the job as soon as［possible］.设法尽早完成这项工作。
37. I've［got］a job for you, ［wash］these dishes.
我有点活给你做，把这些碟子给洗了。
38. Thank god you're safe!谢天谢地，你平安无事。
39. You go first and I'll follow (you) later.你先走，我接着就来。
40. It's a very popular song.那是一首非常流行的歌曲。
第五、[，俗称舀水动作。
41. He's one of my closest friends.他是我最亲密的朋友之一。
42. We're hoping to visit the US this year.我们希望今年能到美国访问。
43. After this dry weather, everyone hopes for rain.
在这样干燥的天气之后，备家都希望能下雨。
44. The White House is the home of the President and his family.
白宫是总统和他家庭的住处。
45. When his wife died, he was very lonely.妻子去世后，他很孤独。
46. Let me show you the photographs from my vacation.
让我给你看一看我假期里拍的照片。
第六、[BU ]，俗称啊噢鬼哭狼嚎大嘴音。
47. Get out of my house now.马上从我的房子里滚出去。
48. How about going downtown now?现在去市中心，好吗？
49. I'm so proud of you.我深深为你而骄傲。
50. No doubt about it.毫无疑问。
第七、[Ci]，俗称大小奥一音。
51. I was annoyed at the boy for spoiling [糟蹋；破坏；损坏] the toy which belonged to Joy.
这个男孩使我很生气，他糟蹋了乔伊的玩具。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:55
第三章：中国发音习惯大突破
下面我们来疯狂攻击辅音。因为中国各种方言影响根深蒂固，使得我们很多朋友有着顽固的发音障碍。
[l]和[n]
52. I like listening to classical and light music.我喜欢听古典音乐和轻音乐。
53. It's nice moonlight tonight.]今夜月色迷人。
[r]和[l]
54. Foreign languages are really difficult to learn.
外语很难学。
55. We are terribly sorry for being late.
非常抱歉我们来晚了。
[ʃ]和[ʒ]*English *fish *wash *foolish
56. You are foolish to say so. =It is foolish to say so.你这样说是愚蠢的。
57. You must be patient with your students.你对学生必须有耐心。
[ʒ]可以用日来帮助发音。
*pleasure *measure *treasure *usual *leisure
58. She spends much of her leisure time watching TV.她花了多少空闲时间看电视。
59. Reading gives me great pleasure.读书带给我很大的乐趣。
[tʃ]]和[dʒ]
[tʃ]可以用汉字气来训练。
*China *chair *chance *challenge *choice *charge
60. I changed my mind.我改变了主意。
61. He charged five dollars for the cups.这些杯子他索价五元。
[dʒ]可以用汉字“举”来训练。但是只发前半部分，轻轻地，温柔地发。
*bridge *change *encourage *age *edge *manage
62. My uncle manages the hotel我的叔叔经营那家旅馆。.
63. She looks old for her age.她看起来比她的年龄老得多。
[ts]和[dz]
[ts]可以用“雌”来帮助发音。*coats *roots *its *plates *let's
[dz]可以用“儿子”“滋润”“姿色”“艾滋病”来帮助发音。*foods *beds *birds *buds
[n],[ŋ]和[m]
[m]是闭嘴音。
64. To speak English well, you must move your mouth and murmur to yourself all the time.
如果想要说好英语，你必须开口，并时刻自言自语。
[n]开嘴应答音。
65. It will be fun to go camping.去露营会很好玩。
[ŋ]开嘴撒娇音，气流要向鼻腔和头部上冲，舌身后缩。
Thank you.谢谢！
66. Everything is going fine.万事如意。
67. Nothing special!没什么特别的。
68. She looks angry.她面有怒色。
最后我们来攻击美国发音的另外一个最大特点：疯狂卷舌头。
69. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
只要有一点值得做的事情就值得好好做。
70. World War Two was worse than World War One.二战比一战更残酷。
71. Chinese people had a hard time during the Second World War.
中国人民在二战中历尽磨难。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 01:57
第四章：综合训练
我们有一系列简易行的手势（gesture sign），使你迅速掌握美国英语发音的秘诀，迅速摆脱中国式英语的痕迹。
下面是综合训练，请同学们拿出你的激情和我们一起疯狂的做手势。
72. No pain, no gain.不劳而获。[两次舀水，两次咧嘴]
73. We should keep our promise.我们应该遵守诺言。
74. He should speak more slowly.他应该说的更慢。[长音*短音*长音*卷舌音*舀水]
75. Girls should not stay out late at night.
女孩子晚间外出不可太晚回家。[卷舌音*短音*感叹祖国山水大嘴音*咧嘴音*“啊噢”鬼哭狼嚎大嘴音*咧嘴音**略音*爱的大嘴音]
76. I've really enjoyed talking to you about old time.我很高兴与话旧。
77. You should have gone to see the doctor earlier.你早就该去看医生了。
78. I had a test this morning. I didn't do well on the test because I didn't study for it last night. I should have studied last night.
今天早晨我去考试了。考得不好，因为昨晚我没复习。昨晚我要是复习就好了。
79. We went to the movie, but it was a bad movie. We wasted our time and money. We should not have gone to the movie.
我们去看电影了，但影片很差。我们浪费了时间和金钱。早知道就不去了。
[疯狂语法]“should not + 过去分词”表示“过去应该做但没有做”
80. I have been looking forward to [meeting] you.
我一直希望能认识你。[常考试题。包含两条难语法，一见面就一鸣惊人！]
81. I have been hoping to see you for a long time.我很久以来一直希望见到你。
82. A: What are you planning to do?你打算做些什么？
B: I'm hoping to go to China.我希望去中国。[两次疯狂张嘴，两次疯狂舀水]
第五章：健康减肥
下面和我一起来摸肚子，收小腹，促进健康又减肥！
*city(城市) *better（更好） *dinner（正餐，晚餐）
*ready(准备好) *busy（忙） *beautiful（美丽的）
*begin(开始) *believe（相信） *black（黑色的）
*civilization（文明） *clever（聪明的） *develop（发展）
*different（不同的） *efficient（有效的） *finish（完成）
*football（橄榄球） *gesture（手势） *headmaster（校长）
*illegal (不合法的) *jump(跳跃) *knowledge(知识)
*lipstick(口红) *medicine(药) *minute(分钟)
*nonsense(胡说八道) *pleasure(愉快) *quality(质量)
*relationship(私人关系) *relax(放松) *something(某事)
*step by step(渐渐的) *terrible(可怕的) *trust(信任)
*understand(理解) *visit(参观访问) *welcome(欢迎)
*a zigzag path(蜿蜒的小径) *yesterday(昨天)
83. Business is business.公事公办/公是公私是私。
84. It is your business to take care of them.照顾他们乃是你的责任。
85. He went into business at the age of ten.他十岁进入商界。
86. He went to Japan on business.他因公去日本。
第六章：绕口令
绕口令（tongue twister）可以帮助大家集中轰炸难点发音，迅速获得发音真谛！
87. She sells sea shells on the shining [光亮的] seashore, and shells she sells on the seashore are seashells [海贝] I am sure.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 02:00
标题: sometime、some time、sometimes、some times的区别
sometime、some time、sometimes、some times的区别
sometime、some time、sometimes、some times这些词或词组在初中我们就都接触过了，但是未必所有的英语学习者都能够清楚地进行区分和准确无误地运用。许多人对它们的理解都还很模糊。现在，我们来逐个击破。
sometime
（1）副词：某个时候。可指过去或将来的某个时候。如：
① Would you come to the cinema with me, sometime? 赏脸找个时间和我看场电影吗？(将来)
② We’ll take our holiday sometime in August. 我们会在八月找个时间度假。（将来）
③ I bought this sometime last summer. 这是我在上个夏天买的。（过去）
④ This mansion was built sometime around 1980. 这栋大厦是1980年左右建的。（过去）
（2）形容词：前，过去的。意思类似former。
① This is our sometime general manager.这是我们的前任总经理。
② Our sometime classmate, Rose, is now a pop star. 我们以前的同学罗斯，现在是明星了。
sometimes 副词：有时候。顺便提一下，at times也是“有时”的意思。
① Every man is a fool sometimes, and none at all times. 每个人有时都会犯傻，但没有谁会一直都傻。
② I sometimes have letters from him. 有时我会收到他的来信。
some time 某段时间。常与for连用。
① We plan to stay in Hainan for some time. 我们打算在海南呆上一段时间。
② I will keep the computer for some time, so you can use it.这部电脑我会留着一段时间，你可以用。
some times 几次。several times也可以表示“几次”，但比some times较确定。time作可数名词时可作“次数”解；表示“时间”时是不可数名词。
① I am sure that we have met some times before.我肯定我们之前见过几次了。
② The newly bought microwave oven failed to work some times.新买的微波炉坏了几次了。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 02:01
标题: 助动词have
助动词have
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明：
这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 11:07
10. 英语语法大全--主谓一致
主谓一致是指：
1）
语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2）
意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3）
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
1. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意：
当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.
4. 谓语需用单数
1）
代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
There is something wrong with my watch.
2）
当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3）
表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语
时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan is enough.< BR>
5. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）
在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2）
集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
6. 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1）
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.
2）
在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 11:21
11. 英语语法大全--动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：
Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed.
你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意：
用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
Cou ld you lend me your bike?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)
be used to + doing：
对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to 表将来
will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 11:31
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus i s coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (非will come), ask him to wait for me.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,
不确定的时间状语
till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? 强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yes terday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(现在我仍在这里工作。)
当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian thre e years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (错) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。---I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago---I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 11:41
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历；
瞬间动词表示行为的结
果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then.
我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10点。
11.15 过去完成时
1）
概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前
那时 现在
2）
用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去
完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
注意： had no … when 还没等……
就……
had no sooner… than 刚……
就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
11.16 用一般过去时代替完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.
作者: melodyhata200 时间: 2008-7-10 11:45
11.20 过去进行时
1）
概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）
过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
11.21 将来进行时
1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time， tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
11.22 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
11.23 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
11.24 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
11.25 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes…
； There goes…
Look, here comes Mr. Li.
11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
We are leaving soon.
我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
He is dying.
11.27 时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
1 1.28 时态与时间状语
一般现在时: every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时: yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般将来时: next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时:
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时:
this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时:
soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
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