冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-7 15:06
2.2 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物：
Take the medicine. 把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事：
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物：
the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water，field，country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-7 15:07 2.3 零冠词的用法
1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary；
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；
I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。
9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train；
10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如：
school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词；
a. 序数词前有物主代词
b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-7 15:09 2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
2.5 冠词位置
1) 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，
I have never seen such an animal.
Many a man is fit for the job.
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
So short a time.
Too long a distance.
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：
Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。
2) 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-7 15:10 2.6 数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1）基数词写法和读法： 345 three hundred and forty-five；
2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如scores of people 指许多人；
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里；
如：They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
c. 表示"几十岁"；
d. 表示"年代"，用 in +the +数词复数；
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.
--- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗？
--- Yes，I have one. --是的，我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。
七、 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）
如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。
八、 关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。
如： He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人作者: regitar2007 时间: 2008-1-7 15:53
谢谢 你很用心 顶一下作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:01 3.1 人稱代詞的用法
1）人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
約翰等了一會兒，最後他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。
說明：在複合句中，如果主句和從句主語相同，代詞主語要用在從句中，名詞主語用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
約翰一到就直接去銀行了。
2）人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語，但在口語中也能作主語補語，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他們在一起，至少我認為是她。（her做賓 語，them做介詞賓語，her做主語補語）
a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me. --我。（me做主語補語= It's me.）
說明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語補語。現代英語中多用賓格，在正式文體中這裏應為she和I。 3.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換
1) 賓格代替主格
a.在簡短對話中，當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 後，多用賓語。
---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。
---- Me too. --我也喜歡。
---- Have more wine? --再來點酒喝嗎?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留，則主語只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替賓格
a. 在介詞but，except 後，有時可用主格代替賓格。
b. 在電話用語中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。
---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。
注意：在動詞be 或to be 後的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。
I thought it was she. 我以為是她。 (主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (賓格----賓格)
I was taken to be she. 我被當成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他們把我當成了她。 (賓格----賓格)作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:02 3.3 代詞的指代問題
1）不定代詞 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式場合使用時，可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來，是嗎?
2）動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替，有時也用he, she，帶有親切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。
3）指代車或國家，船舶的名詞，含感情色彩時常用she。
3.4 並列人稱代詞的排列順序
1) 單數人稱代詞並列作主語時，其順序為：
第二人稱 －> 第三人稱 －> 第一人稱
you －> he/she; it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 複數人稱代詞作主語時，其順序為：
第一人稱 －> 第二人稱 －> 第三人稱
we －> you －> They
注意： 在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。
a. 在承認錯誤，承擔責任時，
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和約翰惹她生氣了。
b. 在長輩對晚輩，長官對下屬說話時，如長官為第一人稱， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 並列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時，
d. 當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。
3.5 物主代詞
1）物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
約翰割破了手指，顯而易見，他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。
物主代詞有形容詞性（my, your等）和名詞性（mine, yours等）兩種，形容詞性的物主代詞屬於限定詞。
名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當於省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結構，例如：
Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意為 The cap is his.
2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
a. 作主語，例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎？ 你的比我的好用。
b. 作賓語，例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。
c. 作介詞賓語，例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話，而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。
d. 作主語補語，例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬於你，屬於你，屬於你。
3.6 雙重所有格
物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置，修飾一個名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。
公式為：
a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如：
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:02 3.7 反身代詞
1） 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2）做賓語
a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 請你隨便吃點魚。
b. 用於及物動詞+賓語+介詞
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個時候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些動詞後不跟反身代詞， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 請坐。
3） 作表語； 同位語
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身並不重要。
4） 在不強調的情況下，but, except, for 等介詞後賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。
(錯) Myself drove the car.
(對) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。
b. 但在and, or, nor連接的並列主語中，第二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself 作主語。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人稱作賓語，要用反身代詞。
You should be proud of yourself. 你應為自己感到驕傲。
3.8 相互代詞
1）相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個片語。他們表示句中動詞所敍述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個物件之間是相互存在的，例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
顯而易見，不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。
2） 相互代詞的句法功能：
a. 作動詞賓語；
People should love one another. 人們應當彼此相愛。
b. 可作介詞賓語；
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。
說明：傳統語法認為，相互關係存在於兩個人或物之間用each other， 存在於兩個以上人和物之間用one another。現代英語中，兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多，例如：
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有書並列擺放起來。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有書並列擺放起來。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。
c. 相互代詞可加-'s構成所有格，例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes.
學生們互借筆記。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:02 3.9 指示代詞
1） 指示代詞分單數（this / that）和複數（these / those）兩種形式，既可作限定詞又可做代詞，例如：
單數 複數
限定詞：This girl is Mary. Those men are my
teachers.
代詞： This is Mary. Those are my
teachers.
2) 指示代詞的句法功能；
a. 作主語
This is the way to do it.
這事兒就該這樣做。
b. 作賓語
I like this better than that.
我喜歡這個甚至那個。
c. 作主語補語
My point is this.
我的觀點就是如此。
d. 作介詞賓語
I don't say no to that.
我並未拒絕那個。
There is no fear of that.
那並不可怕。
說明1：
指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分時只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(對)That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。（ that作主語，指人）
(對)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個姑娘結婚。（this作限定詞）
(錯)He is going to marry this. （this作賓語時不能指人）
(對)I bought this. 我買這個。(this指物，可作賓語)
說明2：
That和those可作定語從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時，在作先行詞時，只有those可指人，試比較：
(對) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他讚賞外表漂亮的東西。
(對) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他讚賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
(錯) He admired that who danced well. （that作賓語時不能指人）
(對) He admired those who danced well. 他讚賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）
(對) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他讚賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）
3.10 疑問代詞
1） 疑問代詞在句中起名詞片語的作用，用來構成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個：
指 人： who, whom, whose
指 物： what
既可指人又可指物： which
2） 疑問代詞在句中應位於謂語動詞之前，沒有性和數的變化，除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較：
疑問代詞：Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的書是誰的？
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美國的領土擴張是朝哪個方向的？
限定詞： Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的書是誰的？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬於美國？
說明1：
無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞，which 和 what 所指的範圍不同。what所指的範圍是無限的，而which則指在一定的範圍內，例如：
Which girls do you like best?
你喜歡哪幾個姑娘？
What girls do you like best?
你喜歡什麼樣的姑娘？
說明2：
Whom是who的賓格，在書面語中，它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語，在口語中作賓語時，可用who代替，但在介詞後只能用whom, 例如：
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了誰？（作動詞賓語）
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把這書帶給誰？（作介詞賓語，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校園裏和誰講話了？（作介詞賓語，置介詞 後，不能用who取代。）
說明3：
疑問代詞用於對介詞賓語提問時，過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首，現代英語中，疑問代詞在句首，介詞在句未，例如：
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什麼？（舊文體）
What are you looking for?
你在找什麼？（現代英語）
說明4：
疑問代詞還可引導名詞性從句，例如：
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告訴我床上的藍襯衣是誰的嗎？
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你說的我大部分同意，但並不完全贊同。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:03 3.11 關係代詞
1） 關係代詞用來引導定語從句。它代表先行詞，同時在從句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。（該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl，又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。）
2） 關係代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，並有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中，that 可指人也可指物，見表：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
賓 格 whom that that
屬 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。
(whose 指物，在限定性定語從句中作定語)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來取他丟下的書。
（which指物，在限定性定語從句中作賓語，可以省略）
3） 關係代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他說在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。
說明： 關係代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我過去懂拉丁語，現在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他變化很大，已不是過去的他了。
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1）不定代詞有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2） 不定代詞的功能與用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞，也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。
I have no idea about it.
b. all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主謂一致：all的單複數由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單複數決定。
All goes well. 一切進展得很好。
all 通常不與可數名詞單數連用，如：不說 all the book，而說 the whole book。
但all可與表時間的可數名詞單數連用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但習慣上不說 all hour，all century。
all還可以與一些特殊的單數名詞連用，如 all China， all the city， all my life， all the way
3) both 都，指兩者。
a. both 與複數動詞連用，但 both… and…可與單數名詞連用。
b. both, all 都可作同位語，其位置在行為動詞前， be 動詞之後。如果助動詞或情態動詞後面的實義動詞省 去，則位於助動詞或情態動詞之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 兩者都不
a. neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。
b. 作定語與單數名詞連用，但neither… nor 用作並列連詞，可與複數名詞連用。其謂語採用就近原則。
c. 可用於下列句型，避免重複。
She can't sing，neither (can) he.
neither 與nor
d. 如前句是否定式從句，則主句用neither，而不用 nor。
If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不幹，我也不幹。
e. 如後連續有幾個否定句式，則用nor，不用neither。
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:16 3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 無
1) none作主語，多與of 構成短語 none of。 在答語中，none可單獨使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主語，謂語動詞單複數均可。但如做表語，則其單複數與表語一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些，少數
few 作主語時，謂語動詞用複數，多用於肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可與複數名詞及不可數名詞連用。
2) 當做"某一"解時，也可與單數名詞連用。（= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day.
總有一天，你會後悔這件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
(1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。
(2)some用於其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑問句中：說話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。
Would you like句式中，表委婉請求或建議，如：
Would you like some coffee?
b. 在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時，如：
If you need some help，let me know.
c. some位於主語部分,
Some students haven't been there before.
d. 當否定的是整體中的部分時，some可用於否定句。如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用於否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。
當句中含有任何的意思時，any可用於肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說，你可任讀一本。
五、one, ones 為複數形式
ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前，則用some, any，而不
用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes，I 've bought some.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:17 3.14 代詞比較辯異 one，that 和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it 與所指名詞為同一個。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同類但不同個)
你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
3.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有兩個
some… the others 有三個以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩餘的全部
3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是幫我的學生之一。
第一句定語從句與the students 一致。
第二句定語從句與the one 一致。
3.17 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each
1．anyone 和 any one
anyone僅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a) none 後跟of短語，既可指人又可指物，而no one只單獨使用，只指人。
b) none 作主語，謂語動詞用單，複數均可，而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數。
None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --剛才有人打電話給我嗎?
---- No one. --沒有。
3．every 和each
1) every 強調全體的概念， each強調個體概念。
Every student in our school works hard. 我們學校的學生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每個學生都可有一本書。
2) every 指三個以上的人或物(含三個)，each指兩個以上的人或物 (含兩個)。
3) every 只作形容詞，不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作狀語，each可作狀語。
5) every 有反復重複的意思，如 every two weeks等； each沒有。
6) every 與not 連用，表示部分否定； each 和not連用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 並非每個人都誠實。
Each man is not honest. 這兒每個人都不誠實。
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動詞之後，行為動詞之前或第一助動詞之後。
1) both (兩者都)，either(兩者中任何一個)， neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用範圍為兩個人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都不聰明。
2) both，either
both與複數連用，either與單數連用。
Both the boys are clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(兩岸)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的兩邊)
路邊長滿了野花。
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一個)， none (都不)。 以上詞使用範圍為三者以上。
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
注意：all與none用法一樣。跟單數名詞，用單數動詞；跟複數名詞，用複數動詞。
All of the students are there.
所有的學生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:17 3.19 many, much
Many，much都意為"許多"， many + 可數名詞，much + 不可數名詞。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
3.20 few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可數名詞, (a) little + 不可數名詞
a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點
few / little 為否定含義，沒有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有幾個朋友。
He has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。
There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什麼時間了。
典型例題:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是錢，不可數，只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導的讓步狀語從句，由句意知後句為否定含義，因此應用little表示幾乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
賣出了許多書。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:27 4. 形容詞和副詞
4.1 形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質或特徵。通常， 可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敍述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。
2) 敍述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬於這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（錯） He is an ill man.
（對） The man is ill.
（錯） She is an afraid girl.
（對） The girl is afraid.
這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
4.2 以-ly結尾的形容詞
1） 大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。
改錯：(錯） She sang lovely.
（錯） He spoke to me very friendly.
（對） Her singing was lovely.
（對） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
4.3 用形容詞表示類別和整體
1） 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的複數連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2） 有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體，與動詞的複數連用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:28 4.4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為：
限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --出處--材料性質，類別--名詞
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例題:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C。由"限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --性質--名詞"的公式可知數詞，描繪詞，性質依次順序，只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來源+質地+用途+國家+名詞。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關係密切的形容詞靠近名詞；如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多，音節少的形容詞在前，音節多的方在後，在不能確定時，可參照下表：
限定詞+數量詞（序數詞在前，基數詞在後）+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞
old + brown + wood + table
4.5 副詞及其基本用法
副詞主要用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結構。
一、副詞的位置：
1） 在動詞之前。
2） 在be動詞、助動詞之後。
3） 多個助動詞時，副詞一般放在第一個助動詞後。
注意：
a. 大多數方式副詞位於句尾，但賓語過長，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副詞well，badly糟、壞，hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well.
二、副詞的排列順序：
1） 時間，地點副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在後。
2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長的在後，並用and或but等連詞連接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多個不同副詞排列：程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。
注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。
改錯：(錯) I very like English.
(對) I like English very much.
注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的後面，形容詞enough放在名詞前後都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
4.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞
1) close與closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔細地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 與lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep與deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度；deeply時常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high與highly
high表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當於much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度；widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free與freely
free的意思是"免費"；freely 的意思是"無限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:28 4.7 形容詞與副詞的比較級
大多數形容詞（性質形容詞）和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化，即原級、比較級和最高級，用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形，比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。
"以輔音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
結尾的雙音節詞，busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y為i，再加 -er，-est
少數以-er，-ow clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest
結尾的雙音節詞 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest 未尾加-er，-est
其他雙音節詞和 important(重要的)
多音節詞，在前 more important
面加more，most most important
來構成比較級和 easily(容易地)
最高級。 more easily most easily
2) 不規則變化 原級 比較級 最高級 good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的) bad (壞的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的)older/elderoldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的)lessleast
far (遠的) farther/further farthest/furthest
4.8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as
1）在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2）當as… as 中間有名詞時採用以下格式。
as +形容詞+ a +單數名詞
as + many/much +名詞
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can..
3）用表示倍數的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍數+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數+ then + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:33 4.10 可修飾比較級的詞
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2）還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
3）以上詞(除by far)外，必須置於比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。
典型例題:
1） ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good
D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修飾比較級，quite修飾原級，well的比較級為better.
2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much
D. more much
答案：C. much可修飾比較級，因此B，C都說得通，但easier本身已是比較級，不需more，因此C為正確答案。
3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:34 4.9 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than
You are taller than I.
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意：
1）要避免重複使用比較級。
(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對) He is more clever than his brother.
(對) He is clever than his brother.
2）要注意對應句型，遵循前後一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
3）要注意冠詞的使用，後有名詞的時候，前面才有可能有名詞。
比較：Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:35 4.11 many,old 和 far
1) 如果後接名詞時， much more +不可數名詞
many more +可數名詞複數
2) old 有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關係。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3) far 有兩種比較級，farther，further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。
在美語中，father 表示距離，further表示進一步。
I have nothing further to say.
4.12 the + 最高級 + 比較範圍
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞最高級前可不用。
形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
注意： 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較範圍內。
(錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列詞可修飾最高級，by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：
a. very可修飾最高級，但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序數詞通常只修飾最高級。
Africa is the second largest continent.
3) 句型轉換：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定詞語+比較級"，"否定詞語+ so… as"結構表示最高級含義。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing. 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:35 4.13 和more有關的片語
1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 與其說A不如說B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 與……一樣……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 與……一樣……
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.
典型例題
1）The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家，C不能選。A沒有名詞，後句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用來代替可數名詞，而that可車以代替不可數或抽象名詞，所以選D。
2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數用"倍數+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較物件"的句型。所以此句答案為C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:48 5. 動詞
1） 表示動作中狀態的詞叫做動詞。
2） 根據其在句中的功能，動詞可分為四類，分別是：實義動詞（Notional Verb）、系動詞（Link Verb）、助動詞（Auxiliary Verb）、情態動詞（Modal Verb）。
說明：有些情況下，有些動詞是兼類詞，例如：
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會。 （having是實義動詞。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。
（has是助動詞。）
3） 動詞根據其後是否帶有賓語，可分為兩類，分別是：及物動詞（Transitive Verb）、不及物動詞（Intransitive Verb），縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。
說明：同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞，有時可用作不及物動詞。例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動詞。）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動詞。）
4） 根據是否受主語的人稱和數的限制，可分兩類，分別是：限定動詞（Finite Verb）、非限定動詞（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。（sing受主語she的限制，故用第三人稱單數形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well.
她想學好英語。（to learn不受主語she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動詞。
說明：英語中共有三種非限定動詞，分別是：動詞不定式（Infinitive）、動名詞（Gerund）、分詞（Participle）。
5) 根據動詞的組成形式，可分為三類，分別是：單字詞（One-Word Verb）、短語動詞（Phrasal Verb）、動詞短語（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英語裏有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。（contains是單字動詞。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
學生們學會查字典。（look up是短語動詞。）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年輕人應照料老人。（take care of是動詞短語。）
6）動詞有五種形態，分別是：原形（Original Form）、第三人稱單數形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過去式（Past Form）、過去分詞（Past Participle）、現在分詞（Present Participle）。 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:49 5.1 系動詞
系動詞亦稱聯繫動詞（Link Verb），作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，後邊必須跟表語（亦稱補語），構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特徵等情況。
說明：
有些系動詞又是實義動詞，該動詞表達實義時，有詞義，可單獨作謂語，例如：
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。（fell是系動詞，後跟補足語，說明主語情況。）
He fell off the ladder.
他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實義動詞，單獨作謂語。
1）狀態系動詞
用來表示主語狀態，只有be一詞，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。）
2）持續系動詞
用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。
3）表像系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4）感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
5）變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣，變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之後，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時間就富了。
6）終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達"證實"，"變成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計畫終於成功了。（turn out表終止性結果）
5.2 什麼是助動詞
1）協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞片語的詞叫助動詞（Auxiliary Verb）。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞（Main Verb）。
助動詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨使用，例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。
（doesn't是助動詞，無詞義；like是主要動詞，有詞義)
2） 助動詞協助主要動詞完成以下功用，可以用來：
a. 表示時態，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結婚。
b. 表示語態，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構成疑問句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學過英語嗎？
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強語氣，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助動詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:49 5.3 助動詞be的用法
1） be +現在分詞，構成進行時態，例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現在越來越重要。
2) be + 過去分詞，構成被動語態，例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3） be + 動詞不定式，可表示下列內容：
a. 表示最近、未來的計畫或安排，例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。
說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時態表達法。
b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 徵求意見，例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復他？
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢？
d. 表示相約、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點在校門口集合。 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:50 5.4 助動詞have的用法
1）have +過去分詞，構成完成時態，例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未為止，他們已經完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +現在分詞，構成完成進行時，例如：
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在學英語，已達十年之久。
3）have+been +過去分詞，構成完成式被動語態，例如：
English has been taught in China for many years.
中國教英語已經多年。
5.5 助動詞do 的用法
1） 構成一般疑問句，例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學英語測試嗎？
Did you study German? 你們學過德語嗎？
2） do + not 構成否定句，例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學習。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過去，好多學生不知道英語的重要性。
3) 構成否定祈使句，例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那裏。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這麼心不在焉。
說明： 構成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4） 放在動詞原形前，加強該動詞的語氣，例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。
I did go there. 我確實去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實想你。
5） 用於倒裝句，例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在開始大學生活時我們才認識到英語的重要性。
說明： 引導此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6） 用作代動詞，例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜歡。（do用作代動詞，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何開車，對吧？
5.6 助動詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構成一般將來時，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學習英語。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說明：
在過去的語法中，語法學家說shall用於第一人稱，will 只用於第二、第三人稱。現在，尤其是在口語中，will常用於第一人稱，但shall只用於第一人稱，如用於第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變為情態動詞，試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要來。（will只與動詞原形構成一般將來時。）
5.7 助動詞should,would的用法
1）should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構成過去將來時，只用於第一人稱，例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周幹什麼。
比較：
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周幹什麼？"我問道。（可以說，shall變成間接引語時，變成了should。）
2） would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構成過去將來時，用於第二、第三人稱，例如：
He said he would come. 他說他要來。
比較：
"I will go," he said. 他說："我要去那兒。"
變成間接引語，就成了：
He said he would come.
原來的will變成would，go變成了come.。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:50 5.8 短語動詞
動詞加小品構成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞（Phrasal Verb）。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音機關上。（turn off是短語動詞）
短語動詞的構成基本有下列幾種：
1） 動詞+副詞，如：black out；
2） 動詞+介詞，如：look into；
3） 動詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統稱為小品詞（Particle）。
1）作主語
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方與北方開戰了。
2）作賓語
a. 動詞後加動名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth
admit 承認 appreciate 感激,讚賞 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 認為 delay 耽誤 deny 否認 detest 討厭 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 prevent阻止
fancy 想像 finish 完成 imagine 想像 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推遲 practise 訓練 recall 回憶 resent 討厭 resist 抵抗 resume 繼續 risk 冒險
suggest 建議 face 面對 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 寬恕 keep 繼續
舉例：
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 片語後接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to為介詞）
no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist on count on / upon
set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent … from…
3）作表語
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
6.1 動名詞作主語、賓語和表語
1）作主語
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方與北方開戰了。
2）作賓語
a. 動詞後加動名詞doing作賓語 V. + doing sth
admit 承認 appreciate 感激,讚賞 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 認為 delay 耽誤 deny 否認 detest 討厭 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 prevent阻止
fancy 想像 finish 完成 imagine 想像 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推遲 practise 訓練 recall 回憶 resent 討厭 resist 抵抗 resume 繼續 risk 冒險
suggest 建議 face 面對 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 寬恕 keep 繼續
舉例：
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 片語後接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to be busy look forward to to為介詞）
no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist on count on / upon
set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent … from…
3）作表語
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:51 6.2 worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都為adj. 意為"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 當名詞為金錢時，表示"…… 值得……"
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 當名詞為抽象名詞時表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.
典型例題
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只適合片語be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C。 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:51 7. 動詞不定式
7.1 不定式作賓語
1) 動詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
舉例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2）動詞+不定式 ； 動詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3） 動詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這麼多的答錄機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:52 7.1 不定式作賓語
1) 動詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
舉例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2）動詞+不定式 ； 動詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3） 動詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這麼多的答錄機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。
7.2 不定式作補語
1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 後可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最後加帶to 的動詞不定式。find後也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語後面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。
2) to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式後用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人們認為這本書沒什麼意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那麼多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:52 7.3 不定式主語
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用於此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。
3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is… to…的句型
(對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
(錯)It is to believe to see.
7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用於表示事物的特徵特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來説明我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法：
用介詞後面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：
You are nice. (通順，所以應用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。) 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:53 7.5 不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動詞後面，形成表語。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
7.6 不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞後。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
7.7 不定式作狀語
1）目的狀語
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。
2）作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子後面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞，其後應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位於"形容詞+動詞不定式"結構的末尾。
7.8 用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法： 一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：
admit to承認， confess to承認，
be accustomed to 習慣于， be used to 習慣於， stick to 堅持， turn to開始，著手於， devote oneself to 獻身於， be devoted to 致力於， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:53 7.9 省to 的動詞不定式
1） 情態動詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役動詞 let, have, make：
3） 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等後作賓補，省略to。
注意：在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是動詞do時，後面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。
8） 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞後，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應該是個好人。
舉例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 後面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make後接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用於被動時，to 不可省略。
7.10 動詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 後應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重複整個不定式片語。及物動詞do後應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一詞要求後用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:53 7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至於…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激動了，說不出話來。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定， too 後那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語)
改過不嫌晚。
3) 當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常… 等於very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
勞駕，現在幾點了。
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什麼不……?" "幹嗎不……?"
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
幹嗎不去度假?作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:54 7.14 不定式的時態和語態
時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 to do to be done
進行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進行式 to have been doing
1) 現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之後。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進行時：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
3） 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:54 8. 特殊詞精講
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事後去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking.. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事後去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:54 8.2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘記他已經關了燈了。 ( 已做過關燈的動作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
別忘了明天來。 (to come動作未做)
典型例題
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。
8.3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
記著放學後去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 對要做的事遺憾。 (未做)
regret doing 對做過的事遺憾、後悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不為告訴她我的想法而後悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到後悔，因此選D。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:55 8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。
cease doing 短時停止做某事，以後還會接著做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那個部門已不復存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。
8.6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗，試著做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事後，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續做原來做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
做完數學後，他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完這個練習後，接著做其他的練習
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"；
be afraid of doing 擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:55 8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 對做某事感興趣，想瞭解某事。
interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道發生了什麼事。 (想瞭解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? (一種想法)
8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
贈加工資意味著增加購買力。
8.11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？
2) begin, start用進行時時，後面動詞用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我開始生起氣來。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 後接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我開始明白真相。
4) 物作主語時
It began to melt.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:56 8.12 感官動詞 + doing/to do
感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園裏幹活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強調"我見他正幹活"這個動作）
昨天我見他正在花園裏幹活。
典型例題
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本題強調其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb. doing sth句型。 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:56 9. 分詞
9.1 分詞作定語
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞後置 (i分詞片語；ii 個別分詞如given, left； iii 修飾不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那裏
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語
與其修飾的詞是被動關係，相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動關係，應用過去分詞做定語表被動，相當於定語從句 which is written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。
spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關係。該句可以理解為：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German? 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:56 9.1 分詞作定語
分詞前置
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分詞後置 (i.分詞片語；ii. 個別分詞如given, left； iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等)
There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那裏
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
過去分詞作定語
與其修飾的詞是被動關係，相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動關係，應用過去分詞做定語表被 動，相當於定語從句 which is written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。
spoken是動詞speak的過去分詞形式，在句中作定語，修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關係。該句可以理解為：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
9.2 分詞作狀語
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
由於沒有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多給些照顧，那些樹會長得更好。
典型例題
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動的含義。being followed除表達被動之外，還有動作正在進行之意。 followed by（被…跟隨）。本題可改為： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由於聲音在閃電後，因此為聲跟隨著光，聲音為跟隨的發出者，為主動。用現在分詞。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本題要選一分詞作為狀語。現在分詞表主動，正在進行的；過去分詞表被動的，已經完成的。對於液體來說是加熱的受動者，是被動的，因而選C。它相當於一個狀語從句 When it is heated，…
注意： 選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞，關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發出，分詞就選用現在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由於用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在使用的過程中， 我發現這本書很有用。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:57 9.3 連詞+分詞(短語)
有時為使分詞短語與主句關係更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個，如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主語相同。
9.4 分詞作補語
通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之後，如：
I found my car missing. 我發現我的車不見了。
I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手錶修一下。
9.5 分詞作表語
現在分詞： 表示主動，正在進行
過去分詞： 表示被動，已經完成
She looked tired with cooking. 她由於忙著做飯，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分詞作插入語
其結構是固定的，意思上的主語並不是句子的主語。
generally speaking 一般說來
talking of (speaking of) 說道
strictly speaking 嚴格的說
judging from 從…判斷
all things considered 從整體來看
taking all things into consideration 全面看來
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 並不是dogs 的動作) 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:57 9.7 分詞的時態
1）與主語動詞同時，
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 聽到這一消息，他高興得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 剛一到那兒，他們就發現那男孩死了。
典型例題
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此處沒有連詞，不能選D，否則出現了兩個謂語動詞worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中選一個。又因前後兩個動作同時發生，且與主語為主動關係，應用現在分詞。
2）先於主動詞
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花園裏散步時他傷了腿。
分詞作時間狀語，如果先與主動詞的動作，且強調先後， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
做完作業後，他出去了。
典型例題
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本題考查分詞的時態與分詞的否定式。根據題意判斷，分詞的動作（接信）發生在謂語動詞的動作（決心再寫信）之前，因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構成為not +分詞，故選C。該句可理解為：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分詞的語態
1）通常，現在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是給你錢的那個人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那個被車攔住的人。
2）不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經發生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned
例: a well-read person. 一個讀過許多書的人
a much-travelled may 一個去過許多地方的人
a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:57 10. 獨立主格 10.1 獨立主格
（一）： 獨立主格結構的構成：
名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞；
名詞(代詞)+形容詞；
名詞(代詞)+副詞；
名詞(代詞)+不定式；
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。
（二） 獨立主格結構的特點：
1）獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。
2）名詞或代詞與後面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關係。
3）獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了，我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成後，我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束後，每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子裏，耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:58 10.2 With的複合結構作獨立主格
表伴隨時，既可用分詞的獨立結構，也可用with的複合結構。
with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時，其主語常常用with來引導。由於本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關係，因此用過去分詞，選D.
注意:
1) 獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題：
當介詞是in時，其前後的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用複數。但 with 的複合結構不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，及物動詞用現在分 詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞，它不是複合句，也不是並列句。 句中使用了逗號，且we 小寫，可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的複合結構。據此判斷，本句中使用的是獨立結構， 其結構為：名詞+分詞。 由於permit在這裏翻譯為'天氣允許'，表主動，應用現在分詞，故選B。
如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然後將if 去掉，再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 09:58 11. 動詞的時態
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現在時，用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標誌，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以後句用一般現在時。 11.1 一般現在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現在時，用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標誌，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以後句用一般現在時。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:38 11.2 一般過去時的用法
1）在確定的過去時間裏所發生的動作或存在的狀態。
時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：
一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義：她現在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態動詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:38 11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk. (過去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 對……已感到習慣，或"習慣於"，to是介詞，後需加名詞或動名詞。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣於散步)
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去，因此應用過去時。
11.4 一般將來時
1) shall用於第一人稱，常被will 所代替。
will 在陳述句中用於各人稱，在爭求意見時常用於第二人稱。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計畫，安排要發生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:39 11.5 be going to / will
用於條件句時， be going to 表將來
will 表意願
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主觀的打算或計畫。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)
11.7 一般現在時表將來
1）下列動詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒裝句，表示動作正在進行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在時間或條件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等後。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用於人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
舉例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（強調看的動作發生過了。）
I have seen this film.
（強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（強調起床的動作已發生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團員的狀態可持續)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:39 11.11 用於現在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時，故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。
注意：非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續時間長度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現在已不在這裏工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現在我仍在這裏工作。)
小竅門： 當現在完成時+一段時間，這一結構中，我們用下面的公式轉化，很容易就能排除非延續動詞在完成時中的誤使。
1) (對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (錯) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:40 11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點 (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段時間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復發生的動作，因此用現在完成時。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:40 11.15 過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|-------|-----|---->其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在後，用一般過去時。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發生。因此
前一句應用過去進行時。
注意： had no … when 還沒等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 剛…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
11.16 用一般過去時代替完成時
1) 兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先後，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ) 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敍述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:41 11.17 將來完成時
1) 構成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或一獲得的經驗。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow
11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法：
a. 表示現在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重複性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(說話時並未在寫，只處於寫作的狀態。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示漸變的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態，應用進行時，由於沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用于完成時。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:41 11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1) 事實狀態的動詞
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
2) 心理狀態的動詞
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
3 ) 瞬間動詞
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept your advice.
4) 系動詞
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.
11.20 過去進行時
1） 概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2） 過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。
3) 常用的時間狀語
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情，應用過去時。同 時，when表時間的同時性，"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景，因此用過去進行時。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，後跟形容詞，如：fall sick。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:41 11.21 將來進行時
1) 概念：表示將來某時進行的狀態或動作，或按預測將來會發生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：將來進行時不用於表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的時間狀語
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
11.22 一般現在時代替將來時
時間狀語從句，條件句中，從句用一般現在時代替將來時
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。
典型例題
(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.
答案B. 在時間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時。
(2) 表示現在已安排好的未來事項，行程等活動。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物館明天10點開門。(實際上每天如此。)
11.23 一般現在時代替過去時
1 )"書上說"，"報紙上說"等。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
報紙上說明天會很冷的。
2) 敍述往事，使其生動。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:41 11.24 一般現在時代替完成時
1) 有些動詞用一般現在時代替完成時：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
11.25 一般現在時代替進行時
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
Look, here comes Mr. Li.
11.26 現在進行時代替將來時
1) 表示即將發生的或預定中計畫好的活動。
Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度週末嗎?
We are leaving soon.
我們馬上就走。
2) 漸變動詞，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。作者: hung 时间: 2008-1-8 10:42 11.27 時態一致
1) 如果從句所敍述的為真理或不變的事實，則永遠用現在時。
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
2) 賓語從句中的助動詞ought, need, must, dare 時態是不變的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
11.28 時態與時間狀語
時間狀語
一般現在時 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般過去時 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般將來時 next…, tomorrow, in+時間,
現在完成時 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
過去完成時 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
過去進行時 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
將來進行時 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening作者: 思儿飞飞 时间: 2008-1-8 14:50
楼主辛苦了哈，谢谢共享~~作者: HoCheung 时间: 2008-1-8 15:41
pretty good, thanks for your hard work!作者: icezhou 时间: 2008-1-15 23:54
Can-do.Just wonderful!作者: cdphz 时间: 2008-1-16 18:08
辛苦了
